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Accompanied by pronounced epigenetic remodeling, the massive proliferation of individual cells generates a critical mass of effectors for the control of acute infections, as well as a pool of memory cells protecting against future pathogen encounters. Classically associated with the adaptive immune system, recent work has demonstrated that innate immune memory to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is stably maintained as large clonal expansions of natural killer (NK) cells, raising questions on the mechanisms for clonal selection and expansion in the absence of re\u2010arranged antigen receptors. Here, we discuss clonal NK cell memory in the context of the mechanisms underlying clonal competition of adaptive lymphocytes and propose alternative selection mechanisms that might decide on the clonal success of their innate counterparts. We propose that the integration of external cues with cell\u2010intrinsic sources of heterogeneity, such as variegated receptor expression, transcriptional states, and somatic variants, compose a bottleneck for clonal selection, contributing to the large size of memory NK cell clones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1710936351000},"page":"80-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of natural killer cell clonality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"323","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"R\u00fcckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5167-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Romagnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology  Berlin 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