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Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a particularly important role in glucose metabolism as its endocrine function underpins food uptake and energy expenditure. Caloric excess triggers VAT inflammation which can impair insulin sensitivity and cause metabolic deregulation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that reside in the VAT suppress inflammation and protect from metabolic disease. The cellular components of VAT and its secretory products play a vital role in fostering the differentiation and maintenance of VAT Tregs. Critically, the physiology and inflammatory tone of VAT exhibit sex\u2010specific disparities, resulting in substantial VAT Treg heterogeneity. Indeed, cytokines and sex hormones promote the differentiation of distinct populations of mature VAT Tregs, each characterized by unique phenotypes, homeostatic requirements, and functions. This review focuses on key findings that have significantly advanced our understanding of VAT Treg biology and the current state of the field, while also discussing open questions that require further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T07:48:28Z","timestamp":1715413708000},"page":"42-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcriptional and hormonal control of adipose Treg heterogeneity and function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"324","author":[{"given":"Axel","family":"Kallies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria 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