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Germ\u2010free (GF) animals have proven to be a fine tool to obtain definitive answers to the queries about the microbial role in these diseases. Moreover, GF and gnotobiotic animals can be used to dissect the complex symptoms and determine which are regulated (enhanced or attenuated) by microbes. These include disease manifestations that are sex biased. Here, we review comparative analyses conducted between GF and Specific\u2010Pathogen Free (SPF) mouse models of autoimmunity. We present data from the B6;NZM\u2010<jats:italic>Sle1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>NZM2410\/Aeg<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Sle2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>NZM2410\/Aeg<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Sle3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>NZM2410\/Aeg\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>\/LmoJ (B6.NZM) mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) characterized by multiple measurable features. We compared the severity and sex bias of SPF, GF, and ex\u2010GF mice and found variability in the severity and sex bias of some manifestations. Colonization of GF mice with the microbiotas taken from B6.NZM mice housed in two independent institutions variably affected severity and sexual dimorphism of different parameters. Thus, microbes regulate both the severity and sexual dimorphism of select SLE traits. The sensitivity of particular trait to microbial influence can be used to further dissect the mechanisms driving the disease. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the problem and open avenues for further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T11:04:35Z","timestamp":1715166275000},"page":"64-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microbial influences on severity and sex bias of systemic autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee on Cancer Biology The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Reiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago  Chicago Illinois 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