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Here, we will discuss the function of immune checkpoints, their role in infectious disease pathology, and the ability of immune checkpoint blockade to reinvigorate the immune response. We focus on blockade of programmed cell death 1 (PD\u20101) to induce durable immune\u2010mediated control of HIV, given that anti\u2010PD\u20101 can restore function to exhausted HIV\u2010specific T cells and also reverse HIV latency, a long\u2010lived form of viral infection. We highlight several key studies and future directions of research in relation to anti\u2010PD\u20101 and HIV persistence from our group, including the impact of immune checkpoint blockade on the establishment (\n                    <jats:italic>AIDS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2018, 32, 1491), maintenance (\n                    <jats:italic>PLoS Pathog<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2016, 12, e1005761;\n                    <jats:italic>J Infect Dis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2017, 215, 911;\n                    <jats:italic>Cell Rep Med<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2022, 3, 100766) and reversal of HIV latency (\n                    <jats:italic>Nat Commun<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2019, 10, 814;\n                    <jats:italic>J Immunol<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2020, 204, 1242), enhancement of HIV\u2010specific T cell function (\n                    <jats:italic>J Immunol<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2022, 208, 54;\n                    <jats:italic>iScience<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2023, 26, 108165), and investigating the effects of anti\u2010PD\u20101 and anti\u2010CTLA\u20104\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in people with HIV on ART with cancer (\n                    <jats:italic>Sci Transl Med<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2022, 14, eabl3836;\n                    <jats:italic>AIDS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2021, 35, 1631;\n                    <jats:italic>Clin Infect Dis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2021, 73, e1973). Our future work will focus on the impact of anti\u2010PD\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in people with HIV on ART without cancer and potential combinations of anti\u2010PD\u20101 with other interventions, including therapeutic vaccines or antibodies and less toxic immune checkpoint blockers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T06:28:26Z","timestamp":1725863306000},"page":"350-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitors in infectious disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Hannah A. D.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-8241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon R.","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Alfred Hospital and Monash University  Melbourne Victoria 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