{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:10:21Z","timestamp":1789067421471,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI088204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI088204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001021","name":"Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRG\u20102519\u201024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRG\u20102519\u201024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK060027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK060027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thymic mimetic cells are hybrids of medullary thymic epithelial cells and diverse peripheral cell types. They are important for the imposition of self\u2010tolerance and perform other functions similar to those of their peripheral counterparts. Following early histological observations of \u201cmisplaced\u201d stromal cells in thymi from multiple species, mimetic cells were first molecularly investigated in mice. Recent studies have characterized mimetic cells in humans and zebrafish with high\u2010resolution. Many mimetic cell types are conserved across species, although specialized subtypes as well as variable frequencies and levels of specialization are also apparent. Features of the human mimetic cell repertoire, such as the expanded nature of muscle mimetic cells with potential implications in myasthenia gravis and the similarity of tuft mimetic cells and thymic carcinomas, hint at their relevance in human disease. Here we review what is known about mimetic cells across diverse organisms. We discuss potential pressures shaping the composition of the mimetic cell repertoire within and across species, and highlight potential therapeutic applications in human disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:34:49Z","timestamp":1748324089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Thymic Mimetic Cells: Evolutionarily Ancient Mirrors of the Periphery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"331","author":[{"given":"Brooke D.","family":"Huisman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6110-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Mathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010051116\u2010052320"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-090222-101050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)89287-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010024\u201001083\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09655"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02933969"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02933993"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1881.0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","unstructured":"A.Ver Eecke \u201cStructure et Modifications Fonctionnelles du Thymus de la Grenouille \u201d Extract Du Bulletin de l'academie Royale d. Medicine de Belgique (1899)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000050103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Zur Lehre von der Schilddr\u00fcse und Thymus bei den Amphibien","volume":"3","author":"Mayer S.","year":"1888","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","unstructured":"A.Pensa \u201cA Proposito di una Particolarit\u00e0 di struttura del TIMO \u201dNota Preventiva Bolletino Della Societ\u00e0 Medico\u2010Chirurgica Di Pavia (1902)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Contribution to the Normal and Pathological Histology of the Thymus Gland","volume":"22","author":"Pappenheimer A. M.","year":"1910","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756\u2010019\u201000214\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Zur Histogenese und Involution der Thymusdr\u00fcse","volume":"27","author":"Hammar J. A.","year":"1905","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100345\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0346-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1102978"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042320-112212"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-2002-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16041-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq6930"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56221"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230461"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006512\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01102-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808070105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21346-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3224"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20082-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105137118"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002473"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114072"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1277365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/243163a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010019\u20100079\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018488117"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07944-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31927"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.164600"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1590"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00281.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1269-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00816.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.026054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112793"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010cellbio\u2010112122\u2010023316"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03840-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129484"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215772"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830031202"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/256493a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07169-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.046359"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.723532"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00447"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400223"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102006\u201003\u2010010900"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0912"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131889"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102337"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00314-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04421-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4918125\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31951-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33170-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114677"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S88552"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20104431.2011.00636.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05428-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02849.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2120238"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000064335.50622.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215253120"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09269"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.11.002"}],"container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T04:13:24Z","timestamp":1764562404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imr.70028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imr.70028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.70028","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-2896","1600-065X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-2896","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-065X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70028"}}