{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:01:16Z","timestamp":1784300476786,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AI35296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AI35296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI179479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI179479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central tolerance is an essential process that protects the mammalian immune system from developing autoimmune reactions by forming a self\u2010tolerant repertoire of T cells. The extent of central tolerance depends on the diversity of self\u2010peptide\u2013major histocompatibility complexes that thymocytes encounter on thymic antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs). Decades of research have demonstrated that medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), a unique type of APC of stromal origin, possess an extraordinary capacity to produce and present thousands of self\u2010peptides to developing thymocytes. This ability is facilitated by various unconventional mechanisms, including AIRE\u2010regulated promiscuous gene expression, mimicry of peripheral cell types, and cooperative antigen transfer between different thymic APCs. Recently, several studies have reported that mTECs and other thymus\u2010resident cells also produce tonic inflammatory signaling, which shapes the thymic microenvironment and expands the repertoire of presented inflammation\u2010associated self\u2010antigens (ISA). In this review, we focus on thymic interferons (IFNs), pro\u2010inflammatory molecules produced as self\u2010antigens by mTECs. Beyond their role as rare self\u2010antigens critical for tolerance induction, IFNs influence the thymic microenvironment by promoting sterile inflammation, regulating the maturation of thymic APCs, and shaping T cell selection. We will discuss the production and regulation of thymic IFNs and their role in APC maturation and T cell selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T08:39:17Z","timestamp":1748507957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thymic Interferons: A Little Goes a Long Way"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"332","author":[{"given":"Matou\u0161","family":"Vobo\u0159il","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota Medical School  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9963-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Hogquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota Medical School  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010023\u201000911\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297\u2010399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297\u2010393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707486105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808069105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.171645.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119351109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512081112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.764704"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010090222\u2010101050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100346\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100345\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006512\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adp1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220120120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010cellbio\u2010112122\u2010023316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102010\u201006\u2010286393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201016081\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010018\u20100029\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105\u20102896.2004.00204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni875"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010micro\u2010092611\u2010150203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010virology\u2010092818\u2010015756"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. J.Sandoval H. C.Tseng H. P.Risman et\u00a0al. \u201cThe In\u00a0Vivo Source of Type I and Type III IFNs Is Pathogen Dependent \u201d Published online October 5 (2021): 2021.10.05.463160 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.05.463160.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.05.463160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010024\u201001899\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.91037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102006\u201005\u2010023465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313001110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010024\u201001076\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201007079\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010022\u201001218\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102134\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71578"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1327784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201500106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20240365"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"High\u2010Titre Interferon\u2010Alpha Antibodies in a Patient With Chronic Graft\u2010Versus\u2010Host Disease After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Pr\u00fcmmer O.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100625.1996.tb00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102008\u201003\u2010144634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006717\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.8.2610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2003.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010041015\u2010055420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201021346\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910412116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201051164\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201029032\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn3286"}],"container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T10:47:15Z","timestamp":1753267635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imr.70038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imr.70038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.70038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-2896","1600-065X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-2896","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-065X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70038"}}