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Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) impart this unique function by mediating the major checkpoints in T\u2010cell differentiation while also imposing stringent tolerance processes required to prevent autoimmunity. Achieving these feats requires extensive TEC specialization and the formation of distinct thymic microenvironments. These features change extensively throughout life, from the growth phases of the embryonic and perinatal thymus, into the steady\u2010state adult, through responses to acute injury and regeneration and, finally, during age\u2010related thymic involution. Here we review how hypothesis and technology have shaped the field's understanding of the thymic microenvironment. 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