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These structures facilitate local T cell\u2010B cell activation within an inflamed tissue, promoting the ongoing adaptive immune response. Target tissues in autoimmune diseases accumulate a range of CD4 T cells with the capacity to help B cells and promote lymphoid aggregate formation. These B cell\u2010helper T cells include T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, which functionally resemble T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in their capacity to recruit and interact with B cells, yet differ primarily in their migratory capacity. Tph cells accumulate within inflamed tissues such as rheumatoid arthritis synovium, where they serve as a major source of the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13, which can drive recruitment of B cells to a peripheral tissue. Here, we discuss features of Tph cells and other Tfh\u2010like T cell populations that accumulate within chronically inflamed tissues in autoimmune diseases and review the regulation of key factors produced by these cells, including CXCL13 and IL\u201021. Understanding the range of B cell\u2010helper T cells that accumulate within tissues and the regulation of their differentiation and function may provide new strategies to either inhibit or promote their actions therapeutically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:01:18Z","timestamp":1766390478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["T Peripheral Helper Cells in Lymphoid Aggregate and Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Sowerby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunity Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts 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