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Sex differences exist in innate and adaptive immune cells, both at homeostasis and in the context of infection and inflammatory diseases such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Women generate stronger immune responses and are more susceptible to developing autoimmune conditions, while males are more prone to acute viral infections and developing certain cancers. Some immunological differences persist throughout life, while others emerge only after puberty and before reproductive senescence. Additionally, environmental exposures can affect the influence of biological sex in regulating\u00a0immune function. This is particularly pertinent at mucosal surfaces such as the lungs, where lung immune defenses are constantly exposed to foreign material during\u00a0respiration. Consequently, environmental factors together with genetics, age and sex hormones play a vital role in governing lung tissue immune responses between the sexes. In this context, we highlight studies that support the need for considering sex as an important biological variable in lung immunological research. This knowledge will provide a benchmark for understanding sex\u2010driven immunological mechanisms that underpin\u00a0disease development and may inform new avenues targeted for generating sex\u2010specific therapies in lung disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:30:41Z","timestamp":1771223441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex Differences in Lung Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"338","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Puttur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8977-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare 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