{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T07:05:13Z","timestamp":1779865513041,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T helper (Th) cell\u2010mediated disease that targets central nervous system (CNS) white matter. This disease affects three times more females than males. For many years, the etiology of MS was not well understood and the exact nature of the autoimmune reaction was speculative. It has now become clear that MS is a rare complication of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus (EBV) infection and that the virus induces an EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA\u20101)\u2010specific T and B cell response that is cross\u2010reactive against a number of CNS antigens including Glial cell\u2010associated membrane protein (GlialCAM), Anoctamin\u20102 (Ano\u20102), myelin basic protein (MBP), and alpha\u2010B\u2010crystallin (CRYAB). Recent studies have clarified the involvement of the major human leukocyte antigen (HLA) MS risk haplotype, HLA\u2010DR15, in sustaining autoreactive T cell responses and its interaction with EBV. Here, we overview this literature through the lens that MS is a disease that affects females more than males. We describe how EBV seroprevalence and the incidence of infectious mononucleosis are greater in females during the early teen years, a period of increased MS susceptibility. We overview how females with MS develop greater levels of EBNA\u20101\u2010cross\u2010reactive autoantibodies and show greater myelin\u2010specific T helper 1 (Th1) cells in peripheral blood. Finally, we provide evidence that EBV\u2010infected B cells may achieve a greater state of latency in females and discuss how this may perpetuate CNS autoimmunity. At the same time, our literature search identified many missed opportunities to learn about sex differences in MS. Our hope is that this review will motivate researchers in the future to disaggregate data by sex to accelerate discoveries in this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:32:46Z","timestamp":1775035966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Why Is\n                    <scp>MS<\/scp>\n                    a More Frequent Complication of\n                    <scp>EBV<\/scp>\n                    Infection in Females?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"339","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Women's College Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Alvarez\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Systems Biology The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Steinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1059083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00353-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515624269"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt281"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070179"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1175874"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19980515)52:4<420::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19960915)45:6<680::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00770-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr197"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048655"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2395"},{"issue":"7359","key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Genetic Risk and a Primary Role for Cell\u2010Mediated Immune Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"476","author":"Sawcer S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325676"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk118"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3238"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt220"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209350"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937583"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520928061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.6.noc50328"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01181-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200460"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04050070036006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a841e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511408991"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20820"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523661"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","article-title":"Meningeal B\u2010Cell Follicles in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Associate With Early Onset of Disease and Severe Cortical Pathology","volume":"130","author":"Magliozzi R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp296"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d865a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2009.00343.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902623116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102332"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg3032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1334720"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424986122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80613-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071470"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.6.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064921"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02938-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.5.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346183a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116875"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1447"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.20.7968"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.3.973"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.12.1641"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/80516"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317355a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90348-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni835"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072397"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21886"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12417"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375798a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05935"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1279"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Reference Ranges and Sources of Variability of CD4 Counts in HIV\u2010Seronegative Women and Men","volume":"72","author":"Maini M. K.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genitourinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2000.550302.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"HLA\u2010DR 15 is Associated With Female Sex and Younger Age at Diagnosis in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Hensiek A. E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.3.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0350-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200008)48:2<211::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510362997"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147567"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13450"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13450"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu5110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26078"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Innate Immune Recognition of EBV","volume":"391","author":"Lunemann A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118458109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade6844"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5561"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00214-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.8.4052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710401115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0284"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061839"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804356"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500299200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514551453"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200310027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5050"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070850"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adq3401"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126250"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.10.5369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.12.4362"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1776"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915141116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6237"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402468111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188125"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58127-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-016-9752-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38950"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110658"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031579"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp1720"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2010.519746"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_146_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"CD4+CD25(Hi) Regulatory T Cells in Healthy Males and Females Mediate Gender Difference in the Prevalence of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"58","author":"Afshan G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Laboratory"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00198-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200532"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.869447"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-300954"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520963937"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00196"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005286"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085422"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_1","first-page":"749","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Immunology","author":"Alvarez\u2010Sanchez N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00787-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104047"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-371831"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.836923"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1800066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq2630"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003220"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508097920"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12808"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae244"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716146115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14396-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.665637"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00004-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707830"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226436"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit321"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09049-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505400"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis646"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512450627"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2024.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513505693"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24932"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9367-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241237707"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0640-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418783122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0102-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732694"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ady0210"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2425670122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000466"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09378-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231363100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12776"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.9.6352"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_13_205_1","first-page":"E2029","article-title":"Unusual Maintenance of X Chromosome Inactivation Predisposes Female Lymphocytes for Increased Expression From the Inactive X","volume":"113","author":"Wang J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160784"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009482"}],"container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70115","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imr.70115","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T06:46:10Z","timestamp":1779864370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imr.70115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imr.70115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.70115","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-2896","1600-065X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-2896","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-065X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70115"}}