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Increasing evidence suggests that IgE responses arise from the integration of multiple, and sometimes opposing, T cell\u2013derived cues. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells shape affinity maturation within germinal centers and likely coordinate class switching, while tissue\u2010resident Th2 cells amplify local inflammation and potentially reinforce IgE production. Distinct Tfh subsets, characterized by differential production of IL\u20104 and IL\u201013, may further determine whether IgE responses remain low\u2010affinity or mature into high\u2010affinity antibodies capable of driving anaphylaxis. At the same time, regulatory populations\u2014including regulatory T (Treg) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells\u2014impose restraints that can dampen or redirect humoral immunity. Early\u2010life antigen exposure may tip this balance toward durable tolerance or toward progressive diversification of pathogenic IgE. Together, these mixed signals from helper, regulatory, and innate\u2010like T cells likely determine the magnitude, affinity, and clinical impact of IgE responses. In this review, we explore how these intersecting pathways collectively regulate IgE immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:53:52Z","timestamp":1775019232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mixed Signals: T Cells as Architects of\n                    <scp>IgE<\/scp>\n                    Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"Abigail L.","family":"Tierney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace P.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Eisenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5151-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology 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