{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:55:16Z","timestamp":1791665716210,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T lymphocytes are increasingly recognized as central regulators of cardiac inflammation, contributing to both tissue repair and disease progression across conditions such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, and myocarditis. While traditionally viewed as transient responders to injury, emerging evidence indicates that cardiac T cell responses are often antigen\u2010driven, clonally expanded, and sustained over time. In particular, \u03b1\u2010myosin heavy chain (\u03b1\u2010MyHC, encoded by MYH6) has emerged as a dominant cardiac autoantigen capable of eliciting pathogenic T cell responses in both experimental models and human disease. In parallel, tissue\u2010resident memory T cells (Trm) have been established as a distinct population of memory T cells that persist within non\u2010lymphoid tissues and provide rapid, localized responses upon antigen re\u2010exposure. Although extensively studied in non\u2010lymphoid and barrier tissues, Trm are now increasingly implicated in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, where they can act as long\u2010lived reservoirs of antigen\u2010experienced T cells. Here, we propose that cardiac injury seeds antigen\u2010specific T cell populations that acquire tissue\u2010resident phenotypes within the myocardium, thereby linking acute immune activation to chronic, relapsing inflammation. We first review the role of T cells in cardiac homeostasis, aging, and disease, highlighting features of antigen specificity, persistence, and local adaptation. We then outline the defining characteristics and developmental pathways of Trm and integrate emerging evidence for their presence and function in the heart. Particular emphasis is placed on \u03b1\u2010MyHC\u2010specific Trm as potential drivers of cardiac autoimmunity and immune\u2010related adverse events of cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2013associated myocarditis. Finally, we discuss the implications of this framework for understanding chronic cardiac inflammation and for developing therapeutic strategies targeting tissue\u2010resident immune populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:50:12Z","timestamp":1780631412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tissue\u2010Resident Memory T Cells in the Heart: An Emerging Role in Chronic Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"340","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2868-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardio\u2010Oncology &amp; Immunology Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardio\u2010Oncology &amp; Immunology Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javid J.","family":"Moslehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardio\u2010Oncology &amp; Immunology Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055890"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.584538"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI185218"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323816"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111611"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2323052121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv639"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44583"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05432-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13059"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254536"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aas9673"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.374"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3883"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109902"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20858-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf1080"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2023.2219895"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061324"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CD9.0000000000000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732794"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307778"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2797-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06311-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039216"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Aging and Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Frangogiannis ABaNG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging and Disease"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","first-page":"E2420","article-title":"Myocardial Aging as a T\u2010Cell\u2010Mediated Phenomenon","volume":"114","author":"Ramos G. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316530"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-019-0151-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.173898"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.992653"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.649244"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21737-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50806-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2023.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10290-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.68437"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123859"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00328.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02756-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101182"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-302"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002225"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125527"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036065"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89206-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960130906"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85851"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3371"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00715-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235552100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118495148.ch24"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142209"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00432-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.213157"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0856"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.076976"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00532-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3307"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Two Subsets of Memory T Lymphocytes With Distinct Homing Potentials and Effector Functions","volume":"401","author":"Federica Sallusto D. L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053214"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Leo Lefran \u0327cois. Preferential Localization of Effector Memeory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue","volume":"291","author":"David Masopust V. V.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Chen Y.Qin M.Chou J. G.Cyster andX.Li \u201cTransmembrane Protein CD69 Acts as an S1PR1 Agonist \u201d(2023) bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.13.528406"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2744"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190249"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24993"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0298-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3962"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adn1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2533700123"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01273-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3589"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2026.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Preferential Expression of aEb7 Integrin (CD103) on CD8+ T Cells in the Psoriatic Epidermis: Regulation by Interleukins 4 and 12 and Transforming Growth Factor\u2010b","volume":"147","author":"Teraki Y.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cutaneous Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02493-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02228-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag2031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0313180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add8454"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302313"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33488"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020178"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1140"}],"container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70134","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imr.70134","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:26:18Z","timestamp":1784705178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imr.70134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imr.70134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.70134","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-2896","1600-065X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-2896","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-065X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70134"}}