{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T17:59:22Z","timestamp":1786816762630,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Macrophages, as central effectors of innate immunity, play context\u2010specific and time\u2010dependent roles in myocardial infarction (MI) and in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart failure (HF). Their plasticity, heterogeneity, and interactions with other cardiac and immune cells determine whether inflammation resolves and repair ensues, or maladaptive remodeling culminates in ventricular dysfunction. In this review, we synthesize findings from lineage\u2010tracing studies, single\u2010cell transcriptomic atlases, and clinical trials to highlight macrophage ontogeny, recruitment, reparative programs, and pathogenic functions in chronic remodeling. We discuss embryonically\u2010derived cardiac resident macrophages, recruitment of monocyte\u2010derived macrophages and their respective roles after ischemic injury, and how efferocytotic clearance of cellular and mitochondrial debris is a key component of the reparative response. We highlight macrophage interactions with cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, T cells, and conduction system cells, and outline translational strategies involving chemokine pathway inhibition and specialized pro\u2010resolving mediators. Mechanistic insight into macrophage ontogeny, heterogeneity, and intercellular interactions has uncovered novel therapeutic possibilities. Targeted, temporally staged macrophage therapies, using biomarkers and imaging for patient stratification, may improve post\u2010MI healing and prevent progression toward ischemic HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:54:21Z","timestamp":1782017661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macrophage Plasticity and Immune Remodeling in Ischemic Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"340","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Research Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slava","family":"Epelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Research Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kory J.","family":"Lavine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406508111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32284-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18935"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20200018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2023.106718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01840-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0059-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00028-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf7777"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22178-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-257832"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0272-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63309-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.001993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"A. L.Koenig F. F.Kadyrov J. M.Amrute et\u00a0al. \u201cGenetic Mapping of Monocyte Fate Decisions Following Myocardial Infarction \u201dbioRxiv(2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-170787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.244673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00335-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2024.108893"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.324260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.263020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524292113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201500155R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.306923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2025.4491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328353372d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223231168755"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Neutrophil\u2010Macrophage Cross\u2010Talk in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"38","author":"Frodermann V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.303895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2024.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-025-00711-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.87315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05060-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03232-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07806-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00471-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23329-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000163017.13772.3a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.167197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/cdr\/8856808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.326599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1546-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cbmi.4c00117"}],"container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imr.70137","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imr.70137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:26:28Z","timestamp":1784705188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imr.70137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imr.70137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.70137","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-2896","1600-065X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-2896","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-065X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70137"}}