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Moreover, becoming a mother of a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> infant is a traumatic event, which might affect the establishment of a bonding relationship toward the infant during the postnatal period. The main aim of the present study was to assess the association between maternal postnatal bonding and socio\u2010emotional stress response in 3\u2010month\u2010old <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> infants, compared to full\u2010term (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>) controls. Thirty\u2010three <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> and 28 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content> infant\u2010mother dyads underwent the maternal Face\u2010to\u2010Face Still\u2010Face (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FFSF<\/jats:styled-content>) procedure to assess socio\u2010emotional stress regulation. Maternal postnatal bonding was measured through the Maternal Post\u2010Natal Attachment Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPAS<\/jats:styled-content>), which includes three scales: Quality of attachment, Absence of hostility, and Pleasure in interaction. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> infants exhibited less self\u2010directed and other\u2010directed regulatory behaviors during the Still\u2010Face episode. Mothers of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> infants reported lower Quality of attachment compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content> counterparts. Importantly, higher levels of Quality of attachment were associated with more other\u2010directed behaviors during the Still\u2010Face episode in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content> dyads, whereas this was not observed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> dyads. In conclusion, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPT<\/jats:styled-content> infants might be exposed to a double\u2010risk condition for socio\u2010emotional development, encompassing both difficulties in stress response and the exposure to a less\u2010than\u2010optimal maternal bonding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T08:09:54Z","timestamp":1482134994000},"page":"695-712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Very Preterm and Full\u2010Term Infants\u2019 Response to Socio\u2010Emotional Stress: The Role of Postnatal Maternal Bonding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Provenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"0\u20103 Centre for the at\u2010Risk Infant Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICU, Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"0\u20103 Centre for the at\u2010Risk Infant Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Sirgiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICU, Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Morandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit Sacra Famiglia Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Borgatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Montirosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"0\u20103 Centre for the at\u2010Risk Infant Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0404_01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken L. 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