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Participants were from the Bangalore Child Health and Development Study (BCHADS), a prospective longitudinal cohort study starting in pregnancy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0337). Mothers self\u2010reported depression symptoms on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; variables reflecting early PND (8\u00a0weeks) and chronic PND (factor score created from 8\u00a0weeks, 6, 12, 24\u00a0months) were examined. SND was coded from a semi\u2010structured play observation at age 6 or 12\u00a0months. Infant neurodevelopment was assessed at 24\u00a0months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Early PND, chronic PND or maternal SND were not associated with infant cognitive or language development in the whole sample, but in boys increased maternal SND was associated with improved language development. SND did not moderate associations between maternal PND and outcomes. A number of factors, such as parity, birthweight by gestational age, and the presence of an alternate caregiver, demonstrated small but significant sex\u2010specific associations with neurodevelopment in exploratory analyses. Maternal SND was associated with improved language outcomes after accounting for multiple risks, but only in boys. Future work should examine whether broader aspects of the nurturing environment contribute to neurodevelopment in a sex\u2010specific manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:45:45Z","timestamp":1782449145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early and Chronic Postnatal Depression, Maternal Sensitivity to Non\u2010Distress and Infant Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in an Indian Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Bluett\u2010Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience The University of Manchester  Manchester 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