{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:14:46Z","timestamp":1788408886667,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u20101261\u201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20101261\u201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1651075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1651075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["29593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018481","name":"Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018481","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32\u2010MH18921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32\u2010MH18921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MH131753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH131753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Object exploration presents infants and young children with valuable opportunities for learning across domains. What factors motivate and constrain exploratory behavior? In the present studies, we highlight the infant's contributions to object exploration by testing links between parent\u2010reported temperament and observed exploratory behaviors. In two samples, Study 1: 24\u2010month\u2010olds (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a035, 51% female; 88% White; 95% non\u2010Hispanic) and Study 2: 6\u2010month\u2010olds (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a096, 50% female; 82% White; 89% non\u2010Hispanic), we assessed object exploration via coding of child behavior during two different lab\u2010based free play tasks. Across both samples, infants rated higher in temperamental surgency engaged in a more rapid pace of object exploration (i.e., moving quickly between objects). Additionally, cluster analyses indicated that infants characterized by high activity level, high positive affect, and high negative affect spent more time engaged in fine motor exploration (i.e., fingering and transferring) compared to infants characterized by average activity level, high positive affect, and low negative affect. These findings indicate a link between temperament and exploratory behavior in infancy and toddlerhood.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:35:22Z","timestamp":1784176522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Object Exploration: The Role of Temperament Early in Life"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2755-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylin E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Malachowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-3595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Work","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5715-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511511"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.70001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430802674316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010018\u20100550\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613479974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0803_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420002199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0102_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3773-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130804"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859\u2010022\u201004675\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"Datavyu Team.2014. \u201cDatavyu: A Video Coding Tool.\u201d [Computer Software]New York University.http:\/\/datavyu.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089\u20102680.2.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.1996.tb00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000382"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163\u20106383(02)00169\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2020.101512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.39.020188.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 M.2018. \u201cRVAideMemoire: Testing and Plotting Procedures for Biostatistics.\u201d [Computer Software]RVAideMemoire.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2022.101806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721421993822"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","unstructured":"Kassambara A.2023.rstatix: Pipe\u2010Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests.https:\/\/rpkgs.datanovia.com\/rstatix\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02568549109594821"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12370"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"Essays on Matters of Public Interest","author":"Lykken D. T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior","author":"Malachowski L. G.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2022.2027845"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420001996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195391893.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.30.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.25.6.885"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20109507.00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00484"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"The Interaction Between Temperament and Environment: Methodological Considerations","volume":"30","author":"Plomin R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Merrill\u2010Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.841171"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2009.01585.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2020. \u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201d [Computer Software]R Foundation for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u2010185X.2007.00010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","unstructured":"Revelle W.2022. \u201cPsych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research (Version 2.2.5).\u201d[Computer Software].https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.25.6.871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163\u20106383(95)90007\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130487"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108721.2007.00505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development","author":"Rothbart M. K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511596544.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.20.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163\u20106383(78)80037\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195136326.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.28.5.851"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000271476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","volume-title":"The Child\u2019s Entry Into a Social World","author":"Schaffer H. R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.70002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","volume-title":"Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): A Parent Completed Child Monitoring System","author":"Squires J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2019.1695877"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/DEV\u20102008\u201021209"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAMD.2013.2269905"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2024.101925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","volume-title":"Temperament and Development","author":"Thomas A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.2020. \u201cFY 2020 Income Limits Documentation System.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/il.html#year2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.18.3.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53091-0.00002-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Infant Mental Health","author":"Zeanah C. H.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Temperament","author":"Zentner M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.06.002"}],"container-title":["Infancy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/infa.70109","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/infa.70109","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/infa.70109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:43:23Z","timestamp":1788407003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/infa.70109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/infa.70109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/infa.70109","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-0008","1532-7078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70109"}}