{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:12:56Z","timestamp":1789193576248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007182","name":"Peabody College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tool use is a critical skill acquired in infancy. Here, we tested whether infants could learn how to grasp a tool from observing an adult model and whether this learning generalized to a new task and to increasingly dissimilar tools. Infants between 13 and 19\u00a0months of age (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a075;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a016.31\u00a0months; SD\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a01.73\u00a0months; 36 girls) observed an adult grasp a spatula\u2010shaped tool by the narrow end, wide end, or both ends in alternation to push pom\u2010poms through a tube during a modeling phase. Infants in a control condition observed an adult pour pom\u2010poms from one large container into another. During a test phase, infants were given an opportunity to use the same tool, a tool that differed only in color, and a tool that differed in both color and shape to activate one of two puzzle boxes. Each puzzle box required one specific grip of the tool for activation (e.g.,\u00a0gripping the narrow, handle end to insert the wide, flat end into a thin slot on the box; gripping the wide, flat end to insert the narrow, handle end into a small hole on the box). Before the adult demonstration, infants spent more time grasping the tool by the narrow end (akin to grasping a spoon by the handle rather than the scooping end). After the demonstration, infants used more wide end grasps for the appropriate puzzle box if they observed the adult grasp the tool by the wide end during modeling. Overall, infants were able to transfer their knowledge to the tool that differed in color, but they were less likely to activate their puzzle box with the tool that differed in both color and shape. Findings indicate that 13\u2010 to 19\u2010month\u2010old infants can learn a new use of a tool from observing an adult demonstration, but generalization is relatively narrow and limited.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:01:22Z","timestamp":1789192882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Observational Learning and Generalization in Infant Grasps of Novel Tools"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0782-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Danforth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Peabody College of Education and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Hirtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Peabody College of Education and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4298-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supreethi","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Peabody College of Education and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-3595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Work Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Peabody College of Education and Human Development Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010010418\u2010102836"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Cognition and Tool Use: Forms of Engagement in Human and Animal Use of Tools","author":"Baber C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.43.2.352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.39.3.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1401_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.33.5.790"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Across the Great Divide: Bridging the Gap Between Understanding of Toddlers' and Older Children's Thinking","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.41.6.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.25.6.894"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096\u20101523.27.1.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Danforth C. J. J.Lockman andA. W.Needham. Manuscript submitted for publication. \u201cEmergent Tool Use in Infancy: Insights From Natural Observations.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Danforth C. L.Malachowski andA. W.Needham. 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