{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:29:27Z","timestamp":1775176167810,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Mental Health Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus pandemic highlights the urgent need for increased support related to mental health concerns. This study aimed to synthesize the findings of empirical studies reporting the post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms in the general population during the coronavirus pandemic. Whittemore and Knafl\u2019s (<jats:italic>Journal of Advanced Nursing<\/jats:italic>, 52, 546, 2005) integrative review methodology was used to analyse and synthesize the peer\u2010reviewed studies. Five electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched using terms related to the coronavirus pandemic and post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms. The quality of the studies was screened and evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The sample size of the 16 studies included in this review ranged from 41 to 3480 participants, with a total of 18\u00a0039 participants. The majority of the participants\u2019 ages ranged from 30 to 39\u00a0years, and 57% of the participants were female. The following factors related to post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms during the coronavirus pandemic were identified as follows: (i) risk factors included social discrimination, fear of uncontrolled contagion and financial burden or economic instability; and, (ii) protective factors included social support and timely government action. A traumatic experience itself can trigger the onset of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder; however, depending on the risk and protection factors, each individual can experience different post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms. Thus, mental health nurses should comprehensively understand how to reduce the influence of risk factors and enhance protective factors when dealing with the pandemic and related trauma. This study\u2019s findings are beneficial for identifying, preventing and managing post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms associated with the coronavirus and future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T10:51:06Z","timestamp":1619088666000},"page":"834-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Impact of COVID\u201019 on post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms in the general population: An integrative review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project Yonsei University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heejung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Mo\u2010Im Kim Nursing Research Institute Yonsei University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Yonsei University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic \u2010 United States, June 24\u201030, 2020","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770100103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Gender differences in PTSD: Susceptibility and resilience","author":"Hu J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7548.1000285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The COVID\u201019 pandemic and death anxiety in the elderly","author":"Khademi F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000366"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Coping and Adaptation","author":"Lazarus R.S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.10.22.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01166-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.939610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"e7386","article-title":"Brief review on COVID\u201019: The 2020 pandemic caused by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"12","author":"Valencia D.N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility","author":"Weathers F.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD","author":"Weiss D.S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/33696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) and the virus that causes it","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"Mental health and COVID\u201019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"COVID\u201019: Addressing social stigma and discrimination","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID\u201019 outbreak","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/inm.12875","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/inm.12875","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/inm.12875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T18:28:14Z","timestamp":1693333694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/inm.12875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/inm.12875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/inm.12875","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-8330","1447-0349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-8330","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}