{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:40:34Z","timestamp":1778949634011,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Mental Health Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of contact for individuals experiencing mental health crises; however, they remain unsuitable to cater to the complex needs of mental health patients. As an alternative, Crisis Stabilisation Units (CSUs) are increasingly being implemented to provide a more therapeutic setting for patients to receive specialised emergency mental health care. However, to date, the evaluation of CSUs in comparison to traditional EDs remains limited. This study aims to examine whether there are significant differences between patients who are transferred to the CSU and those treated solely in the ED in terms of patient characteristics, length of stay and re\u2010presentation. Using ED data obtained from the Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, this retrospective study analysed 18\u2009240 mental\u2010health\u2010related presentations made between August 2021 and August 2023. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine differences between patients who completed treatment in the ED and those who were transferred to the CSU. Patients who were transferred to the CSU were found to have a shorter length of stay than those who completed treatment in the ED. CSU patients were more likely to walk in and had lower triage ratings, whereas patients treated in the ED were more likely to arrive by ambulance. Re\u2010presentation rates did not significantly differ between those who completed treatment in the ED and those who were transferred to the CSU. This study adds to the limited work on alternative crisis care models by comparing CSU and ED services for emergency mental health presentations. Findings suggest that CSUs may effectively reduce repeat ED presentations, particularly for patients with moderate clinical acuity. However, the complexity of mental health crises extends beyond basic demographic factors, underscoring the need for deeper, multifaceted research to fully understand patient experiences and service effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1769233707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emergency Department Presentations for Mental Health Crisis: Comparing\n                    <scp>ED<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Only Care With Transfer to a Crisis Stabilisation Unit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8187-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Bond Business School Bond University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health (Social Work) University of New England  Armidale New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2325-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bond Business School Bond University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Australasian College for Emergency Medicine.2023.\u201cGuidelines on the Implementation of the Australasian Triage Scale in Emergency Departments.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. n.d.\u201cMental Health: Mental Health Services Provided in Emergency Departments 2023.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/mental\u2010health\/topic\u2010areas\/emergency\u2010departments."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Balfour M. E.2020.\u201cWhat if Access to Care Was the Priority? Lessons from the Southern Arizona Crisis System. Creating and Sustaining High Quality Crisis Services: Lessons from Arizona Behavioral Health Crisis Response Systems Live Webinar Series.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562231195438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Duggan M. B.Harris W.\u2010K.Chislett andR.Calder.2020.\u201cNowhere Else to Go: Why Australia's Health System Results in People With Mental Illness Getting \u2018Stuck' in Emergency Departments.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.51.1.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Study Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update","author":"George D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"Gold Coast City.2025a.\u201cGold Coast City Migration Summary.\u201dhttps:\/\/profile.id.com.au\/gold\u2010coast\/migration."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Gold Coast City.2025b.\u201cGold Coast City Tourism Visitor Summary.\u201dhttps:\/\/economy.id.com.au\/gold\u2010coast\/tourism\u2010visitor\u2010summary."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.70060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-023-00047-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36922\/AIH025200045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856219852282"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"The 23\u2010Hour Observation Unit Admissions Within the Emergency Service at a National Tertiary Psychiatric Hospital: Clarifying Clinical Profiles, Outcomes, and Predictors of Subsequent Hospitalization","volume":"17","author":"San Thinn D. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"SNOMED International.2024.\u201cWhat is SNOMED CT?\u201dhttps:\/\/www.snomed.org\/what\u2010is\u2010snomed\u2010ct."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"State of Queensland (Queensland Health).2020.\u201cGold Coast Crisis Reform: A Strategic Approach to Transforming Mental Health Crisis Care.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"State of Queensland (Queensland Health).2021.\u201cCrisis Stabilisation Unit Orientation Manual.\u201dIn: Health GC editor."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"Study Queensland (Queensland Government).2023.\u201cInternational Education and Training Snapshot: Gold Coast 2022.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory. n.d.\u201cDespite Unprecedented Pressures Serious ED Presentations Continue to be Seen on Time on the Gold Coast 2023.\u201dhttps:\/\/statements.qld.gov.au\/statements\/98781."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2008.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.2024.\u201cInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/classification\u2010of\u2010diseases."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hospital\u2010Level Psychiatric Emergency Department Models","volume":"36","author":"Zeller S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatric Times"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/inm.70216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/inm.70216","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/inm.70216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T15:15:09Z","timestamp":1772982909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/inm.70216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/inm.70216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/inm.70216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-8330","1447-0349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-8330","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70216"}}