{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:52:35Z","timestamp":1787014355089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Nursing Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the prevalence and normalization of workplace violence, identify associated risk factors, and compare psychological distress levels based on experiences of workplace violence and its normalization among nurses during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workplace violence against nurses has increased during the pandemic, exacerbating their psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional analytical study was conducted using online convenience sampling to recruit 325 Korean nurses. Data were collected via an online survey assessing demographic and occupational characteristics, workplace violence, normalization of violence, and psychological distress. Descriptive statistics, independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests, and multiple logistic and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were employed. The study adhered to the STROBE guidelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 308 nurses surveyed, 30% reported experiencing workplace violence, and 29% indicated normalizing such incidents. Significant risk factors included prior victimization, normalization of violence, and perceived effectiveness of workplace COVID\u201019 prevention measures. Among nurses who experienced workplace violence, those who normalized it reported lower levels of psychological distress than those who did not. Conversely, among those without such experiences, individuals who normalized workplace violence reported higher levels of psychological distress than those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workplace violence remains prevalent during infectious disease outbreaks, with a substantial proportion of nurses normalizing these experiences. This normalization is associated with distinct patterns of psychological distress, underscoring the need for increased awareness and the provision of tailored psychological support. Enhancing workplace safety measures is essential to protecting nursing well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for nursing and health policy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health administrators and policymakers should prioritize the implementation of strategies that address the occurrence and normalization of workplace violence. Investing in mental health services and fostering organizational cultures that actively respond to workplace violence are crucial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T16:08:47Z","timestamp":1759162127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Workplace Violence, Normalization of Violence, and Psychological Distress Among Korean Nurses: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analytic Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6998-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujin","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Yonsei University  Seodaemun\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine School of Nursing The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3000-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet Yuen Ha","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Health Sciences Hong Kong Metropolitan University Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9997-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bomi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Hannam University  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7365-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Yee Tak","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine School of Nursing The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Workplace Violence\/End Nurse Abuse","author":"American Nurses Association","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.3203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799211031233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010017\u20104112\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010023\u201015140\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tam0000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912\u2010023\u201001502\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144\u2010021\u201002453\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR\u2010172661"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed\u20102019\u2010105849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Impact of Workplace Violence Against Korean Nurses on Turnover Intention Before and During the COVID\u201019. 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