{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1789275944421,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]],"date-time":"2016-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Paed Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibacterial restorations can increase the success rate of minimum invasive dentistry especially in young permanent molars with deep carious lesions as an attempt to preserve maximum dental structure and avoid pulp exposure. Further research is warranted to evaluate different antibacterial agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adding chlorhexidine gluconate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content>) or aqueous miswak (<jats:italic>Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>) extract on the clinical performance and in vivo antibacterial activity of conventional anhydrous glass ionomer cement (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIC<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was a randomized clinical trial. Sixty young permanent molars, with deep carious lesions in 6\u2010 to 9\u2010year\u2010old children were included. After randomization, atraumatic restorative treatment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) or stepwise excavation was performed followed by bacterial sampling from the center of the remaining carious dentine in the floor of the pulp. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIC<\/jats:styled-content> powder was mixed with 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate liquid in group I; with 100% aqueous miswak in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>; and with deionized water in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> (control). Clinical performance for all groups was assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months. After 9 months, restorations were removed and a second bacterial sample was collected for <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>) quantification and analysis by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed no statistically significant difference in the success rate of the three groups at the 3\u2010month interval. At 6 and 9 months, however, restoration success was 75% then 60% in group I, 100% then 90% in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>, and 95% then 85% in control group. Group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and the control group showed statistically significant higher survival rates than group I. All groups showed reduction in <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> counts in underlying dentine, but the percent reduction was significantly higher in group I. (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The addition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> and miswak to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIC<\/jats:styled-content> showed superior antibacterial properties than conventional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIC<\/jats:styled-content>, without seriously affecting the clinical performance of the restoration until the 6\u2010month follow\u2010up, but failure significantly increased in terms of marginal defects at 9 months with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> (group 1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]],"date-time":"2016-10-21T06:23:02Z","timestamp":1477030982000},"page":"380-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effect of the addition of chlorhexidine and miswak extract on the clinical performance and antibacterial properties of conventional glass ionomer: an <i>in vivo<\/i> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Noha Samir","family":"Kabil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Faculty of Dentistry Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira Saad","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Faculty of Dentistry Ain Shams University Cairo 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