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Poisson regression was used to evaluate the influence of breastfeeding and UPF consumption on the prevalence and experience of caries. To measure the interaction on the additive scale between breastfeeding and UPF consumption on the prevalence and experience of ECC, the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prolonged breastfeeding was associated with higher prevalence (PR\u2009=\u20091.82; CI:1.59\u20132.08) and experience (RR\u2009=\u20092.47; CI:1.97\u20133.10) of ECC. Greater prevalence (PR\u2009=\u20091.16; CI: 1.04\u20131.30) and experience of ECC (RR\u2009=\u20091.22; CI: 1.00\u20131.48) were found in children who had high consumption of UPFs. Negative RERIs were observed for the prevalence and experience of ECC (\u22120.25 and \u22120.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>High UPF consumption and prolonged breastfeeding were associated with ECC. No interaction, however, was observed, showing that the two exposures have independent effects. To prevent ECC, policies and programs are needed to support breastfeeding until the age of 2\u2009years and to limit the consumption of UPF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.13087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T14:49:20Z","timestamp":1683902960000},"page":"103-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Breastfeeding, consumption of ultraprocessed foods, and dental caries at 4\u2009years of age: A birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Burkert","family":"Mathias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Gonzalez","family":"Cademartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University 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