{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:10:16Z","timestamp":1789204216879,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Paed Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) continues to increase. It is recognised as a public health concern, particularly in developing countries. Early childhood caries has numerous adverse effects on children\u2019s growth and overall well\u2010being. Despite the global burden of ECC, data from Africa remain limited, varied and are based on inconsistent diagnostic criteria and study methodologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim was to perform a systematic review to ascertain the prevalence of ECC in children across Africa between January 2000 and March 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search of peer\u2010reviewed articles published in English between January 2000 and March 2025 was conducted using multiple databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, AFRICA\u2010WIDE INFO, African Journals Online (AJOL) and CINAHL. Prospero Registration: CRD42018112161.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 70 studies, representing 58\u2009644 participants from 13 African countries, were included in the review. The overall prevalence of ECC was 37.9% (95% CI: 31.2\u201344.6), with variations observed among countries and urban\/rural settings. The mean dmft score was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.86\u20132.10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of ECC varies considerably across the African continent. This could be due to differences in education, access to dental care and human resources among countries and regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T04:00:58Z","timestamp":1759118458000},"page":"157-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Africa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheema","family":"Kimmie\u2010Dhansay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntombizodwa Rosemary","family":"Nkambule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Schoonraad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Albougy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bhayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04605-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Africa: A Land of Wealth and a Land of Poverty: Why the Richest Resource Continent Suffers From Poverty","volume":"12","author":"Abouzeid A. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Politics and Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2024.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2015.151.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2023.1160976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajwse.20170301.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute \u201cChecklist for Prevalence Studies \u201d(2016): 7."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2011.00936.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Oredugba F. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nigerian Dental Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Prevalence and Awareness of Early Childhood Caries Among Attendees of a Reproductive and Child Health Clinic at Mnazi Mmoja Dispensary, Dar\u2010Es Salaal","volume":"12","author":"Mziray H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tanzania Dental Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries Among 2\u20136\u2009Years Old Underprivileged and Privileged Children in Dar Es Salaam","volume":"14","author":"Maro D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tanzania Dental Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1548","article-title":"Association of Early Childhood Caries Experience With Oral Hygiene Status and Oral Health Practices of Preschool Children in TANDALE, Tanzania","volume":"95","author":"Gideon M. N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Oral Health Status of Preschool Children in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Shalan H. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Scientific Dental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tmj.v23i2.39233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"J. K.Cheruiyot \u201cDental Caries Experience and Associated Risk Factors Among Pre\u2010school Going Children in Bureti Sub County Kericho County Kenya \u201d (2019)."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"Effects of Socio\u2010Economic and Behavioural Factors on Early Childhood Caries Among Children Attending a Dental Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"93","author":"Chepkwony F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries Amongst Pre\u2010School Children and Their Caregivers' Perceptions of Oral Health in a Kenyan Rural Setting","volume":"92","author":"Njoroge N. W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/adjc.2021.51736.1086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2519-0105\/2018\/v73no5a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"S.KosovicandA.Nilsson\u2010Andersson \u201cSurvey of Dental Caries Prevalence Dietary and Oral Hygiene Habits Among Urban and Rural 5 and 12\u2010Years Old Children in The Gambia \u201d (2001): 3 441\u2013452."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00541.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-005-1674-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00631.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.280404.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries in Moshi, Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Rwakatema D. S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2016.1225981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Caries Status and Treatment Needs in South Africa: Report of the 1999\u20102002 National Children's Oral Health Survey","volume":"59","author":"Wyk P. J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"South African Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125352"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"390","article-title":"Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in 3\u2010 To 5\u2010Year\u2010Old Children in Philadelphia District, Mpumalanga Province","volume":"61","author":"Wanjau J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"SADJ: Journal of the South African Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12383"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Dental Caries Rates in Primary Teeth in 2002, and Caries Surveillance Trends 1981\u20102002, in a South African City","volume":"25","author":"Cleaton\u2010Jones P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Community Dental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Caries Experience and Related Factors in 4\u20106 Year\u2010Olds Attending Dental Clinics in Kinshasa, DR of Congo","volume":"30","author":"Songo B. F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2014.880189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-016-0227-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2004.00570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03320833"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Association of Early Childhood Caries With Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding in Southwestern Nigerian Children of Preschool Age","volume":"4","author":"Olatosi O. O.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17047.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.156887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0890-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01324-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","first-page":"462","article-title":"Association of Healthy Eating, Juice Consumption, and Bacterial Counts With Early Childhood Caries","volume":"37","author":"AbdelAziz W. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.32.2.p1rq2x4u5744800g"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v87i3.62199","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Early Childhood Caries Among 3\u20105 Year Olds in Kiambaa, Kenya","volume":"87","author":"Njoroge N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i12.8939"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262598"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2894-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries Among Preschool Children in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"83","author":"Mothupi K. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry for Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_633_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00549-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01780-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.821128"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Analysis of the Dental Caries Epidemiological Profile in Children of Benguela City, Angola","volume":"20","author":"Songa M. A. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844211002108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19044-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03771-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4314\/jpdrp.v5i2.2","article-title":"Oral Health Status, Behaviour and Treatment Needs Among 2\u20135\u2010Year\u2010Old Children in Selected Nursery Schools","volume":"5","author":"Ligali TO","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Research and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2868"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Prevalence and Causes of Early Childhood Caries in Children Less Than 6\u2009Years Old at Tembisa Hospital, South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Mndzebele S. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2015.71243"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Dental Caries and Nutritional Status of School Children in Lagos, Nigeria\u2010a Preliminary Survey Caries","volume":"6","author":"Adeniyi A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.189736"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"The Oral Health Status in Mahonisi: A Community With Very Low Levels of Dental Caries","volume":"55","author":"Plessis J. B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"SADJ: Journal of the South African Dental Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"The Pattern of Dental Caries in Children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Eigbobo J. O.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0058-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0991-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Early Childhood Caries in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Iyun O. I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2006.tb00104.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Oral Health Status of School Children in Mbarara, Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Batwala V.","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2011.00613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2004.00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0959-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Oral Health in South Africa","volume":"54","author":"Wyk P. J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Dental Journal"},{"issue":"108","key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Dental Caries Status of Primary School Children Aged 4\u201016\u2009Years in Southwest Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Sofola O. O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Odonto\u2010Stomatologie Tropicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.180396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.1999.140407.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Children in a Rural Tanzanian Community","volume":"12","author":"Bloch B.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-21"},{"issue":"125","key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Status of Dental Caries in the Toddlers' Residences of the Dakar Area, Senegal","volume":"32","author":"Cisse D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Odonto\u2010Stomatologie Tropicale"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Effect of Choosing Different Units of Analysis When Estimating Risk of Presence of Dental Caries in the Primary Dentition","volume":"20","author":"Scheutz F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dental Health"},{"issue":"142","key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Tooth Decay in School Environment at Brazzaville (Congo)","volume":"36","author":"Okoko A. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Odonto\u2010Stomatologie Tropicale"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prevalence of Tooth Decay in Children From Age 3 to 14 at the Department of Odontology of Militairy Hopital of Bamako (IHB) in Mali","volume":"33","author":"Kane A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mali M\u00e9dical"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Caries and Gingivitis Study Among Preschool Children (2\u20105\u2009Years) of the Region of Ziguinchor in Senegal. Strategies of Prevention","volume":"45","author":"Yam A. A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dakar M\u00e9dical"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515575538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v81i5.9166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/pboci.2021.014","article-title":"Relationship Between Socio\u2010Demographic Profile, Parity and Dental Caries Among a Group of Nursing Mothers in South East, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Onyejaka N. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pesquisa Brasileira Em Odontopediatria e Cl\u00ednica Integrada"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.15.0022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2519-0105\/2020\/v75no10a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","unstructured":"C.vanWyk \u201cTrends in Dental Caries Prevalence and Severity in South Africa \u201d(2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.32.3.p3130332231x7014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","unstructured":"T. K.Jacobs \u201cThe Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in the Southern Cape Karoo Region \u201d(2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","unstructured":"D.MasindeandJ.Cheruiyot \u201cDental Caries Experience and Associated Risk Factors Among Pre\u2010School Going Children In Bureti Sub\u2010County \u201dKericho County Kenya."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","unstructured":"E.K\u00e4llnerandE.Blomquist \u201cThe Prevalence of Dental Caries and Fluorosis Among 5\u20137 Year Old Children in ga\u2010Rankuwa South Africa: A Descriptive Study \u201d(2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","unstructured":"A. B.Kalil \u201cCaries Experience of Preschool Children in Selected Sites in Johannesburg \u201d(2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njbcs.njbcs_8_20"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries and Feeding Practices in Kindergarten Children","volume":"43","author":"Qadri G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quintessence International"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Dietary Intakes and Caries Experience in Children in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"61","author":"MacIntyre U. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"SADJ: Journal of the South African Dental Association"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Caries Prediction Factors in Children With Primary Dentition","volume":"56","author":"Botha F. S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"SADJ: Journal of the South African Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","unstructured":"N. W.Njoroge \u201cEarly Childhood Caries Among 3\u20135 Year Olds and Their Caregivers' Oral Health Knowledge Attitude and Practice in Kiambaa Division Kenya \u201d(2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12645"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","volume-title":"Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.ijph_1078_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare \u201cOral Health and Dental Care in Australia: Key Facts and Figures\u00a02015\u20132016 \u201d(2015) accessed July 31 2024 https:\/\/Www.Aihw.Gov.Au\/Reports\/Dental\u2010Oral\u2010Health\/Oral\u2010Health\u2010And\u2010Dental\u2010Care\u2010In\u2010Australia\u20102015\/Related\u2010Material."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0997-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Prevalence of Dental Caries in a Nigerian Rural Community: A Preliminary Local Survey","volume":"1","author":"Okoye L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","unstructured":"World Economic Forum \u201cThere Is No \u2018One Africa\u2019: How the Continent Can Turn Diversity Into Growth and Opportunity \u201d(2023) accessed March 06 2025 https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2023\/09\/africa\u2010economy\u2010diversity\u2010growth\u2010opportunity\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.911110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cWHO Expert Consultation on Public Health Intervention Against Early Childhood Caries: Report of a Meeting \u201dBangkok Thailand 26\u201028 January 2016 World Health Organization (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13237.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-7657.2002.00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","article-title":"The Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Egyptian Children and Adolescences and Its Association With Age, Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Habits and Other Risk Factors. A Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Abbass M. M. S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1810-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2003.00042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_1","unstructured":"K.Mothupi \u201cPrevalence of Early Childhood Caries Among Preschool Children in Johannesburg South Africa \u201d (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00259"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ipd.70038","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ipd.70038","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ipd.70038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:47:07Z","timestamp":1788230827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ipd.70038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ipd.70038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ipd.70038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-7439","1365-263X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-7439","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-263X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}