{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:46:03Z","timestamp":1791963963493,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K23229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K23229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020236","name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20\u2010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\u2010013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Paed Dentistry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding is recommended to 2\u2009years or beyond, but its association with early childhood caries (ECC) after infancy remains uncertain, partly because of inconsistent adjustment for confounders and reverse causation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether breastfeeding at 18\u2009months was associated with dental caries at age 3\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Japanese check\u2010up cohort (2014\u20132019). Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs), adjusting for sex, regular sweetened juice consumption, screen time &gt;\u20091\u2009h\/day, parental tooth\u2010brushing assistance, single\u2010parent household and parental employment; sensitivity analyses adjusted for or excluded those with 18\u2010month caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 69\u2009165 children, 12\u2009788 (18.5%) were breastfeeding at 18\u2009months. Any caries (35.9% vs. 23.7%) and severe caries (19.2% vs. 10.5%) were more common in breastfeeding children. After behavioural and socioeconomic adjustment, breastfeeding remained associated with any caries (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.82\u20131.98) and severe caries (OR 2.14, 95% CI 2.03\u20132.26); associations persisted after adjustment for caries at 18\u2009months (any caries OR 1.74; severe caries OR 1.87).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding at 18\u2009months was independently associated with higher odds of ECC at 3\u2009years; reverse causation alone did not account for this. Findings support integrating targeted oral\u2010health counselling, including avoidance of feed\u2010to\u2010sleep and post\u2010feed oral cleaning, into breastfeeding support after infancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1791961166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolonged Breastfeeding at 18\u2009Months and Early Childhood Caries at Age 3\u2009Years: A Population\u2010Based Cohort Study From Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshifumi","family":"Yodoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pancreatology, and Nutrition University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Infant and Young Child Feeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.100152","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Zheng M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020455","article-title":"The Burden of Early Childhood Caries in Children Under 5\u2009Years Old in the European Union and Associated Risk Factors: An Ecological Study","volume":"13","author":"Bencze Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072240","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Trajectories on Obesity and Dental Caries in Preschool Children: Findings From the Healthy Smiles Healthy Kids Study","volume":"13","author":"Manohar N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00186-0","article-title":"Expert Consensus on Early Childhood Caries Management","volume":"14","author":"Zou J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091355","article-title":"Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Shrestha S. K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517738925","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Oral Health: Evidence and Methodological Challenges","volume":"97","author":"Peres K. G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142922","article-title":"Breast and Bottle Feeding as Risk Factors for Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Avila W. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Investigation of the Role of Human Breast Milk in Caries Development","volume":"21","author":"Erickson P. R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006982","article-title":"Association of Breast Feeding With Early Childhood Dental Caries: Japanese Population\u2010Based Study","volume":"5","author":"Kato T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17489","article-title":"More than Half of Japanese 3\u2010Year\u2010Olds Exceeded the World Health Organization Screen Time Guidelines","volume":"114","author":"Yodoshi T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2025.01998","article-title":"Associations of Routine Breakfast and Napping Habits with Early Adiposity Rebound by Age 3\u2009Years: A Population\u2010Based Cohort Study in Japan","volume":"69","author":"Yodoshi T.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"issue":"467","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13118","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the Risk of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"104","author":"Tham R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2943","article-title":"Impact of Prolonged Breastfeeding on Dental Caries: A Population\u2010Based Birth Cohort Study","volume":"140","author":"Peres K. G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"571","article-title":"Breastfeeding, Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods, and Dental Caries at 4\u2009Years of Age: A Birth Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Mathias D. R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12333","article-title":"Feeding Frequency in Infancy and Dental Caries in Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"68","author":"Feldens C. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Dental Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2019.10.004","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries. Review of the Literature, Recommendations, and Prevention","volume":"26","author":"Branger B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives de P\u00e9diatrie"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.01.013","article-title":"Association of Long\u2010Duration Breastfeeding and Dental Caries Estimated With Marginal Structural Models","volume":"24","author":"Chaffee B. W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"90","volume-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/2380084418824262","article-title":"Systematic Review of Evidence Pertaining to Factors That Modify Risk of Early Childhood Caries","volume":"4","author":"Moynihan P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"JDR Clinical & Translational Research"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ipd.70158","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ipd.70158","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ipd.70158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:59:29Z","timestamp":1791961169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ipd.70158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ipd.70158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ipd.70158","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-7439","1365-263X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-7439","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-263X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ipd.70158"}}