{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T08:42:14Z","timestamp":1697445734926},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,8]],"date-time":"2012-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Please cite this paper as:<\/jats:italic> Chander <jats:italic>et\u00a0al.<\/jats:italic> (2012) Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of matrix gene of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and live bird markets in the USA. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(4), 513\u2013520.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Wild birds are the natural hosts for influenza A viruses (IAVs) and provide a niche for the maintenance of this virus.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study was undertaken to analyze nucleotide sequences of the matrix (M) gene of AIVs isolated from wild birds and live bird markets (LBMs) to index the changes occurring in this gene.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> M\u2010gene of 229 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates obtained from wild birds and LBMs was amplified and sequenced. Full\u2010length sequences (\u223c900\u2003nt.) thus obtained were analyzed to identify changes that may be associated with resistance to adamantanes. Phylogenetic analysis of all sequences was performed using <jats:sc>clustalw<\/jats:sc>, and evolutionary distances were calculated by maximum composite likelihood method using <jats:sc>mega<\/jats:sc> (<jats:sc>ver<\/jats:sc>. 5.0) software.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Twenty\u2010seven different viral subtypes were represented with H3N8 being the most dominant subtype in wild birds and H7N2 being the predominant subtype among isolates from LBMs. Phylogenetic analysis of the M\u2010gene showed a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity with US isolates of AIVs but not with those of Asian or European lineages. While none of the isolates from wild birds had any antiviral resistance\u2013associated mutations, 17 LBM isolates carried polymorphisms known to cause reduced susceptibility to antiviral drugs (adamantanes). Of these 17 isolates, 16 had S31N change and one isolate had V27A mutation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> These results indicate independent evolution of M\u2010gene in the absence of any antiviral drugs leading to mutations causing resistance indicating the need for continued active surveillance of AIVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,8]],"date-time":"2012-09-08T06:33:22Z","timestamp":1347086002000},"page":"513-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of matrix gene of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and live bird markets in the 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