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We conducted a comprehensive 9\u2010year study on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>s by analyzing 1137 respiratory samples from four subsets of patients (asymptomatic, general community, with comorbidities, and hospitalized) in S\u00e3o Paulo, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>razil.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A pan\u2010coronavirus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content> screening assay was performed, followed by species\u2010specific real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content> monoplex assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human coronaviruses were detected in 88 of 1137 (7.7%) of the samples. The most frequently detected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content> species were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NL<\/jats:styled-content>63 (50.0%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>43 (27.3%). Patients with comorbidities presented the highest risk of acquiring coronavirus infection (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a04.17; 95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a01.9\u20139.3), and children with heart diseases revealed a significant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content> infection presence. Dyspnea was more associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010229<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content> infections (66.6%), and cyanosis was reported only in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>43 infections. There were interseasonal differences in the detection frequencies, with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010229<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content> being predominant in the year 2004 (61.5%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NL<\/jats:styled-content>63 (70.8%) in 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data provide a novel insight into the epidemiology and clinical knowledge of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>s among different subsets of patients, revealing that these viruses may cause more than mild respiratory tract disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T05:32:56Z","timestamp":1362547976000},"page":"1040-1047","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Epidemiological and clinical features of human coronavirus infections among different subsets of patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tatiane K.","family":"Cabe\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology Discipline of Infectology Department of Medicine Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Granato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology Discipline of Infectology Department of Medicine Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Bellei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology Discipline of Infectology Department of Medicine Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1075","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Holmes KV","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-121-30734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.SARS outbreak contained worldwide [monograph on the Internet].2003July 5 [cited 2004 Aug 26]. 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