{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:11:04Z","timestamp":1787731864601,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. Ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we compared the diagnostic yield in sputum and oropharyngeal samples (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content>) for the detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with community\u2010acquired pneumonia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>), with the objective to optimize our diagnostic testing algorithm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Matched sputum samples, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content>, blood cultures, serum, and urine samples were taken from patients (&gt;18\u00a0years) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content> and tested for the presence of possible respiratory pathogens using bacterial cultures, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> for 17 viruses and five bacteria and urinary antigen testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When using only conventional methods, that is, blood cultures, sputum culture, urinary antigen tests, a pathogen was detected in 49\u00b76% of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a057). Adding molecular detection assays increased the yield to 80%. A pathogen was detected in 77 of the 115 patients in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content> or sputum samples by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. The sensitivity of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content> was lower than that of the sputum samples (57% versus 74%). In particular, bacterial pathogens were more often detected in sputum samples. The sensitivity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content> for the detection of most viruses was higher than in sputum samples (72% versus 66%), except for human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Addition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> on both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content> and sputum samples significantly increased the diagnostic yield. For molecular detection of bacterial pathogens, a sputum sample is imperative, but for detection of most viral pathogens, an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPS<\/jats:styled-content> is sufficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T10:14:45Z","timestamp":1376993685000},"page":"243-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community\u2010acquired pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth G. W.","family":"Huijskens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W. A.","family":"Rossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A. J. 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