{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T05:09:52Z","timestamp":1768108192976,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]],"date-time":"2013-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The direct effect of antigenic site mutations in influenza viruses on antigenic drift and vaccine effectiveness is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the genetic and antigenic characteristics of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses circulating in Ontario during the early 2010\u20132011 winter season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sequenced the hemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>) and neuraminidase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>) genes from 41 A(H3N2) viruses detected in nasopharyngeal specimens. Strain typing was performed by hemagglutination inhibition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>) assay. Molecular and phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content> genes showed high similarity to the 2010\u20132011 vaccine strain, A\/Perth\/16\/2009 (H3N2)\u2010like virus (97\u00b77\u201398\u00b75% and 98\u00b77\u201399\u00b75% amino acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>) identity, respectively). Compared to A\/Perth\/16\/2009 strain, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> gene mutations were documented at 28 different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> positions across all five H3 antigenic sites, with a range of 5\u201311 mutations in individual viruses. Thirty\u2010six (88%) viruses had 8 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> substitutions in common; none of these had reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> titer. Among Ontario isolates, 11 antigenic site <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>s were positively selected with an increase in glycosylation sites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of antigenic site mutations with high frequency among 2010\u20132011 influenza H3N2 isolates confirms ongoing adaptive H3N2 evolution. These may represent early phylogenetic changes that could cause antigenic drift with further mutations. Clinical relevance of antigenic site mutations not causing drift in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> assays is unknown and requires further investigation. In addition, viral sequencing information will assist with vaccine strain planning and may facilitate early detection of vaccine escape.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]],"date-time":"2013-12-06T12:35:00Z","timestamp":1386333300000},"page":"250-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genetic characterization of seasonal influenza <scp>A<\/scp> (<scp>H<\/scp>3<scp>N<\/scp>2) viruses in <scp>O<\/scp>ntario during 2010\u20132011 influenza season: high prevalence of mutations at antigenic sites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"AliReza","family":"Eshaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkata R.","family":"Duvvuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Disease Modelling York University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir N.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald E.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Gubbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Fact sheet N\u2010211 on Influenza (Seasonal) April 2009. 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