{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:19:08Z","timestamp":1792811948101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UO1 GH000028-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1 GH000028-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>) is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ARI<\/jats:styled-content>), but little is known about how it compares with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV<\/jats:styled-content>) in C<\/jats:styled-content>entral A<\/jats:styled-content>merica.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>In this study, we describe hospitalized cases of HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ARI<\/jats:styled-content> in G<\/jats:styled-content>uatemala.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We conducted surveillance at three hospitals (November 2007\u2013December 2012) and tested nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens for HMPV<\/jats:styled-content> and RSV<\/jats:styled-content> using real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction. We calculated incidence rates, and compared the epidemiology and outcomes of HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive versus RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive and RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We enrolled and tested specimens from 6288 ARI<\/jats:styled-content> cases; 596 (9%) were HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive and 1485 (24%) were RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive. We observed a seasonal pattern of RSV<\/jats:styled-content> but not HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>. The proportion HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive was low (3%) and RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive high (41%) for age <1\u00a0month, whereas these proportions were similar (~20%) by age 2\u00a0years. The annual incidence of hospitalized HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ARI<\/jats:styled-content> was 102\/100\u00a0000 children aged <5\u00a0years [95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 75\u2013178], 2\u00b76\/100\u00a0000 persons aged 5\u201317\u00a0years (95%CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1\u00b72\u20135\u00b70), and 2\u00b76\/100\u00a0000 persons aged \u226518\u00a0years (95%CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1\u00b75\u20134\u00b79). Among children aged <5\u00a0years, HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive cases were less severe than HMPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010RSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative cases after adjustment for confounders [odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>) for intensive care\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b763, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0\u00b747\u20130\u00b784]; OR<\/jats:styled-content> for death\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b746, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0\u00b723\u20130\u00b792).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Human metapneumovirus is a substantial contributor to ARI<\/jats:styled-content> hospitalization in G<\/jats:styled-content>uatemala, but HMPV<\/jats:styled-content> hospitalizations are less frequent than RSV<\/jats:styled-content> and, in young children, less severe than other etiologies. Preventive interventions should take into account the wide variation in incidence by age and unpredictable timing of incidence peaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T10:06:24Z","timestamp":1398420384000},"page":"414-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Comparative epidemiology of human metapneumovirus\u2010 and respiratory syncytial virus\u2010associated hospitalizations in G<\/scp>uatemala"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"McCracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wences","family":"Arvelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and 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