{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:54:26Z","timestamp":1781661266852,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccines against avian influenza viruses often require high hemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>) doses or adjuvants to achieve serological titers associated with protection against disease. In particular, viruses of the H7 subtype frequently do not induce strong antibody responses following immunization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate whether poor immunogenicity of H7 viruses is an intrinsic property of the H7 hemagglutinin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the immunogenicity, in na\u00efve mice, of purified recombinant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> from two H7 viruses [A\/Netherlands\/219\/2003(H7N7) and A\/New York\/107\/2003(H7N2)] to that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> from human pandemic [A\/California\/07\/2009(H1N1pdm09)] and seasonal [A\/Perth16\/2009(H3N2)] viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After two intramuscular injections with purified hemagglutinin, mice produced antibodies to all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>s, but the response to the human virus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>s was greater than to H7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>s. The difference was relatively minor when measured by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>, greater when measured by hemagglutination inhibition assays, and more marked still by microneutralization assays. H7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>s induced little or no neutralizing antibody response in mice at either dose tested. Antibodies induced by H7 were of significantly lower avidity than for H3 or H1N1pdm09.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that H7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>s may be intrinsically less immunogenic than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> from seasonal human influenza viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T09:15:48Z","timestamp":1410513348000},"page":"628-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Recombinant influenza H7 hemagglutinins induce lower neutralizing antibody titers in mice than do seasonal hemagglutinins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kristy","family":"Blanchfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Carter Consulting Inc. 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