{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1785578614332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]],"date-time":"2015-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Public Health Information Coalition"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As public health leaders prepare for possible future influenza pandemics, the rapid spread of 2009 H1N1 influenza highlights the need to focus on measures the public can adopt to help slow disease transmission. Such measures may relate to hygiene (e.g., hand washing), social distancing (e.g., avoiding places where many people gather), and pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., vaccination). Given the disproportionate impact of public health emergencies on minority communities in the United States, it is important to understand whether there are differences in acceptance across racial\/ethnic groups that could lead to targeted and more effective policies and communications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores racial\/ethnic differences in the adoption of preventive behaviors during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data are from a national telephone poll conducted March 17 to April 11, 2010, among a representative sample of 1123 white, 330 African American, 317 Hispanic, 268 Asian, and 262 American Indian\/Alaska Native adults in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>People in at least one racial\/ethnic minority group were more likely than whites to adopt several behaviors related to hygiene, social distancing, and healthcare access, including increased hand washing and talking with a healthcare provider (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values &lt;0\u00b705). Exceptions included avoiding others with influenza\u2010like illnesses and receiving 2009 H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccinations. After we controlled the data for socioeconomic status, demographic factors, healthcare access, and illness\u2010 and vaccine\u2010related attitudes, nearly all racial\/ethnic differences in behaviors persisted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Minority groups appear to be receptive to several preventive behaviors, but barriers to vaccination are more pervasive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T11:45:52Z","timestamp":1424087152000},"page":"131-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Adoption of preventive behaviors in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: a multiethnic perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gillian K.","family":"SteelFisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Blendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA"},{"name":"John F. Kennedy School of Government Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minah","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna R. M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily B.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.W.","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chenega Government Consulting, LLC Chesapeake VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri M.","family":"Lubell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran N.","family":"Ben\u2010Porath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSRS Media PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"ChanM.World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. World Health Organization: 2009 Jun 11. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/statements\/2009\/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611\/en\/index.html(Accessed 24 January 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Modeling Community Containment for Pandemic Influenza.Modeling community containment for pandemic influenza: A letter report. Washington: National Academies Press. 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2006.4.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Interim Pre\u2010Pandemic Planning Guidance. Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States\u2014Early Targeted Layered Use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions. 2007 Feb. Available at:http:\/\/www.flu.gov\/planning-preparedness\/community\/community_mitigation.pdf(Accessed 25 January 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.161505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839908324022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Final estimates for 2009\u201010 seasonal influenza and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage\u2013United States August 2009 through May 2010. 2010 Oct 7. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/professionals\/vaccination\/coverage_0910estimates.htm(Accessed 2 February 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02904.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.0e371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.071437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"BlumbergSJ LukeJV.Wireless substitution: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey July\u2010December 2008. 2009 May 6. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhis\/earlyrelease\/wireless200905.htm(Accessed 18 October 2010)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.Current Population Survey 2009. Available at:http:\/\/www.census.gov\/cps\/. (Accessed as 18 October 2010)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.American Community Survey 2009. Available at:http:\/\/www.census.gov\/acs\/www\/(Accessed as 18 October 2010)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Parental attitudes and experiences during school dismissals related to 2009 influenza A (H1N1) \u2014 United States, 2009","volume":"59","author":"SteelFisher GK","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713851964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfl035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.H1N1 flu (swine flu): information for specific groups. [Internet] 31 Dec 2009. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/groups.htm(Accessed 3 June 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Frequently asked questions on use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines 2009 H1N1 monovalent influenza vaccines): practical considerations for immunization programs and providers. 2009 Nov 10. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/H1n1flu\/vaccination\/top10_faq.htm(Accessed 2 May 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2009 H1N1 vaccination recommendations. 2009 Oct 15. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/h1n1flu\/vaccination\/acip.htm(Accessed 18 August 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at high risk of developing flu\u2010related complications. 2010 Sep 3. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/disease\/high_risk.htm(Accessed 25 January 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1005102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.2.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.162537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.100867"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Firv.12306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.12306","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T12:23:54Z","timestamp":1696249434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12306","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]}}}