{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:24:34Z","timestamp":1787963074827,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3R01\u2010TW005869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01\u2010TW005869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43\u2010TW001140)002E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43\u2010TW001140)002E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to determine the frequency of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two\u2010year serial cross\u2010sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre\u2010pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post\u2010pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post\u2010pandemic period).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed current and past<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>and compared the results with human incidence data from a population\u2010based active surveillance cohort study in Peru.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>1N1 was 0% pre\u2010pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post\u2010pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human\u2010to\u2010swine transmission events in backyard farm settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that human\u2010to\u2010swine<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,23]],"date-time":"2015-05-23T14:16:23Z","timestamp":1432390583000},"page":"47-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza<scp>A<\/scp>(<scp>H<\/scp>1<scp>N<\/scp>1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in<scp>T<\/scp>umbes,<scp>P<\/scp>eru"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yeny O.","family":"Tinoco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 Lima Peru"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 Lima Peru"},{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division 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