{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:53:42Z","timestamp":1790801622467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001584","name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2012, equine influenza (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content>) virus was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses throughout South America. In Uruguay and Argentina, hundreds of vaccinated thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities were clinically affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterise the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses detected during the outbreak in Uruguay and Argentina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan\u2010reactive influenza type A real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. The nucleotide sequence of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>1 gene was determined and analysed phylogenetically using <jats:sc>mega<\/jats:sc> 5 software. Amino acid sequences alignments were constructed and virus was antigenically characterised with specific ferret antisera. Paired serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIV<\/jats:styled-content> was confirmed by real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>1 gene sequences of 18 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses indicated that all of them belong to clade 1 of the Florida sublineage of the American lineage and are closely related to viruses isolated in the United States in 2012. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>1 of viruses identified in horses in racing facilities in Maro\u00f1as, Uruguay, and in Palermo, Argentina, displayed 100% amino acid sequence identity and were identical to that of a virus isolated in Dubai in 2012, from vaccinated endurance horses recently imported from Uruguay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses and support the recommendations of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OIE<\/jats:styled-content> expert surveillance panel to include viruses of the Florida sublineage in vaccines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T13:54:35Z","timestamp":1443189275000},"page":"37-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>A<\/scp>merica in 2012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cecilia Olguin","family":"Perglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICVyA INTA Instituto de Virolog\u00eda Buenos Aires Hurlingham Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gildea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit The Irish Equine Centre Johnstown Naas Co. 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Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Cullinane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit The Irish Equine Centre Johnstown Naas Co. 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