{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:18:36Z","timestamp":1790680716143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Equine influenza (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content>) is a highly contagious disease caused by viruses of the H3N8 subtype. The rapid diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> is essential to reduce the disease spread. Many rapid antigen detection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content>) tests for diagnosing human influenza are available, but their ability to diagnose <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> has not been systematically evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 22 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests in the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 22 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests were performed on fivefold serial dilutions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content> virus to determine their detection limits. The four most sensitive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests (ImmunoAce Flu, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content> Flu examan, Quick chaser Flu A, B and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESPLINE<\/jats:styled-content> Influenza A&amp;B\u2010N) were further evaluated using nasopharyngeal samples collected from experimentally infected and naturally infected horses. The results were compared to those obtained using molecular tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detection limits of the 22 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests varied hugely. Even the four <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests showing the best sensitivity were 125\u2010fold less sensitive than the molecular techniques. The duration of virus detection in the experimentally infected horses was shorter using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests than using the molecular techniques. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests detected between 27% and 73% of real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive samples from naturally infected horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study demonstrated the importance of choosing the right <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests as only three of 22 were fit for diagnosing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EI<\/jats:styled-content>. It was also indicated that even <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAD<\/jats:styled-content> tests with the highest sensitivity serve only as an adjunct to molecular tests because of the potential for false\u2010negative results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]],"date-time":"2015-11-14T15:12:39Z","timestamp":1447513959000},"page":"127-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of twenty\u2010two rapid antigen detection tests in the diagnosis of Equine Influenza caused by viruses of H3N8 subtype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Bannai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tsujimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomio","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gildea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit Irish Equine Centre Johnstown Naas Co. 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