{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:24:25Z","timestamp":1782915865551,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]],"date-time":"2016-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza\u2010associated illness results in increased morbidity and mortality in the Americas. These effects can be mitigated with an appropriately chosen and timed influenza vaccination campaign. To provide guidance in choosing the most suitable vaccine formulation and timing of administration, it is necessary to understand the timing of influenza seasonal epidemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our main objective was to determine whether influenza occurs in seasonal patterns in the American tropics and when these patterns occurred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Publicly available, monthly seasonal influenza data from the Pan American Health Organization and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>, from countries in the American tropics, were obtained during 2002\u20132008 and 2011\u20132014 (excluding unseasonal pandemic activity during 2009\u20132010). For each country, we calculated the monthly proportion of samples that tested positive for influenza. We applied the monthly proportion data to a logistic regression model for each country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed 2002\u20132008 and 2011\u20132014 influenza surveillance data from the American tropics and identified 13 (81%) of 16 countries with influenza epidemics that, on average, started during May and lasted 4 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of countries in the American tropics have seasonal epidemics that start in May. Officials in these countries should consider the impact of vaccinating persons during April with the Southern Hemisphere formulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T09:22:40Z","timestamp":1450948960000},"page":"170-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Timing of influenza epidemics and vaccines in the American tropics, 2002\u20132008, 2011\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizette Olga","family":"Durand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po\u2010Yung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhee","family":"Palekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfrido","family":"Clara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Cerpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"El Omeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba Maria","family":"Ropero\u2010Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Barbosa","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Influenza Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Instituto Nacional De Salud Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny Lara","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Influenza Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virolog\u00eda Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud San Jose Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belsy","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Influenza Departamento de Virolog\u00eda Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201fPedro Kour\u00ed\u02ee Havana Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Centro de Referencia Nacional de Influenza y Otros Virus Respiratorios Insituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Calderon de Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial Dr. Max Bloch Centro Nacional de Influenza San Salvador El Salvador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia del Carmen","family":"Castillo Signor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Influenza Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Matute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud Tegucigalpa Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Jackson\u2010Betty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Centre\u2010Jamaica Department of Microbiology University of West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam Suan","family":"Mung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PAHO\/WHO Jamaica National Influenza Centre\u2010Jamaica Department of Microbiology University of West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Qui\u00f1onez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Centre Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos (InDRE) Ministry of Health Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Centre Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos (InDRE) Ministry of Health Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Balmaseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Virolog\u00eda Centro Nacional de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Ministry of Health Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brechla Morneo","family":"Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depto. de Investigaci\u00f3n en Virolog\u00eda Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas Panam\u00e1 City Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Salud 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