{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:52:48Z","timestamp":1768791168636,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Division of GEIS Operations"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human <jats:italic>rhinoviruses<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>s) are a well\u2010established cause of the common cold and recent studies indicated that they may be associated with severe acute respiratory illnesses (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>s) like pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis. Despite global studies on the genetic diversity of the virus, the serotype diversity of these viruses across diverse geographic regions in Kenya has not been characterized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study sought to characterize the serotype diversity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content> strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 517 archived nasopharyngeal samples collected in a previous respiratory virus surveillance program across Kenya in 2008 were selected. Participants enrolled were outpatients who presented with influenza\u2010like (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>) symptoms. Real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> was employed for preliminary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content> detection. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive samples were amplified using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and thereafter the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons were determined followed by phylogenetic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010five percent of the samples tested positive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>s clustered into three main species comprising <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A (54%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B (12%), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C (35%). Overall, 20 different serotypes were identified. Intrastrain sequence homology among the Kenyan strains ranged from 58% to 100% at the nucleotide level and 55% to 100% at the amino acid level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results show that a wide range of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content> serotypes with different levels of nucleotide variation were present in Kenya. Furthermore, our data show that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>s contributed substantially to influenza\u2010like illness in Kenya in 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1454057576000},"page":"185-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Serotype and genetic diversity of human rhinovirus strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Milanoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences (COHES) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliette R.","family":"Ongus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences (COHES) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) 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