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This article reviews policy, availability, use and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in tropical and subtropical countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global health databases were searched in three thematic areas \u2013 policy, availability and protective benefits in the context of human seasonal influenza vaccine in the tropics and subtropics. We excluded studies on monovalent pandemic influenza vaccine, vaccine safety, immunogenicity and uptake, and disease burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010four countries in the tropics and subtropics representing 60% of the world's population did not have a national vaccination policy against seasonal influenza. Thirty\u2010eight countries used the Northern Hemisphere and 21 countries the Southern Hemisphere formulation. Forty\u2010six countries targeted children and 57 targeted the elderly; though, the age cut\u2010offs varied. Influenza vaccine supply increased twofold in recent years. However, coverage remained lower than five per 1000 population. Vaccine protection against laboratory\u2010confirmed influenza in the tropics ranged from 0% to 42% in the elderly, 20\u201377% in children and 50\u201359% in healthy adults. Vaccinating pregnant women against seasonal influenza prevented laboratory\u2010confirmed influenza in both mothers (50%) and their infants &lt;6\u00a0months (49\u201363%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guidelines on vaccine composition, priority risk groups and vaccine availability varied widely. The evidence on vaccine protection was scarce. Countries in the tropics and subtropics need to strengthen and expand their evidence\u2010base required for making informed decisions on influenza vaccine introduction and expansion, and how much benefit to expect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T09:38:13Z","timestamp":1454578693000},"page":"254-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Seasonal influenza vaccine policy, use and effectiveness in the tropics and subtropics \u2013 a systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Siddhivinayak","family":"Hirve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Influenza Program World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Initiative for Vaccine Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Paget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIVEL Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelijn","family":"Vandemaele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Influenza Program World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fitzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Influenza Program World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Influenza Program World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00071-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61051-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70008-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization","author":"WHO Unicef World Bank","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Resolution 56.19. 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