{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:05:36Z","timestamp":1777460736013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]],"date-time":"2016-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ability of pigs to become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content>) viruses and then generate mammalian adaptable influenza A viruses is difficult to determine. Yet, it is an important link to understanding any relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> virus ecology and possible epidemics among swine and\/or humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assess susceptibility of pigs to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses found within the United States and their direct contact transmission potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pigs were inoculated with one of ten H5 or H7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses selected from seven different bird species to test infectivity, virulence, pathogenesis, and potential to transmit virus to contact pigs through histological, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and seroconversion data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although pigs were susceptible to infection with each of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses, no clinical disease was recognized in any pig. During the acute phase of the infection, minor pulmonary lesions were found in some pigs and one or more pigs in each group were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive in the lower respiratory tract, but no virus was detected in upper respiratory tract (negative nasal swabs). Except for one group, one or more pigs in each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> group developed antibody. No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> viruses transmitted to contact pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> strains from various bird populations within the United States are capable of infecting pigs. Although adaptability and transmission of individual strains seem unlikely, the subclinical nature of the infections demonstrates the need to improve sampling and testing methods to more accurately measure incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> virus infection in pigs, and their potential role in human\u2010zoonotic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPAI<\/jats:styled-content> virus dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,6]],"date-time":"2016-03-06T11:44:43Z","timestamp":1457264683000},"page":"346-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Balzli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service U.S. National Poultry Research Center Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Gauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames IA 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service U.S. National Poultry Research Center Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Swayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service U.S. National Poultry Research Center Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory Athens GA 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