{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:13:59Z","timestamp":1774635239207,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza epidemiology in Africa is generally not well understood. Using syndrome definitions to screen patients for laboratory confirmation of infection is an established means to effectively conduct influenza surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare influenza\u2010related epidemiologic data, from October 2010 through March 2013, we enrolled hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>; fever with respiratory symptoms) and acute febrile illness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFI<\/jats:styled-content>; fever without respiratory or other localizing symptoms) patients from three referral hospitals in Ghana. Demographic and epidemiologic data were obtained from enrolled patients after which nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected, and processed by molecular methods for the presence of influenza viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 730 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content> patients, 59 (8%) were influenza positive; of 543 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFI<\/jats:styled-content> patients, 34 (6%) were positive for influenza. Both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFI<\/jats:styled-content> surveillance yielded influenza A(H3N2) (3% versus 1%), A(H1N1)pdm09 (2% versus 1%), and influenza B (3% versus 4%) in similar proportions. Data from both syndromes show year\u2010round influenza transmission but with increased caseloads associated with the rainy seasons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>As an appreciable percentage of influenza cases (37%) presented without defined respiratory symptoms, and thus met the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFI<\/jats:styled-content> but not the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content> definition, it is important to consider broader screening criteria (i.e., <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AFI<\/jats:styled-content>) to identify all laboratory\u2010confirmed influenza. The identified influenza transmission seasonality has important implications for the timing of related public health interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T15:06:43Z","timestamp":1464620803000},"page":"367-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sentinel surveillance for influenza among severe acute respiratory infection and acute febrile illness inpatients at three hospitals in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexander H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Disease Detection and Response Program U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Center Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Akuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Disease Detection and Response Program U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Doman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Disease Detection and Response Program U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Duplessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Amankwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Health Service Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charity","family":"Sarpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Health Service Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Sagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tamale Teaching Hospital Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Agbenohevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37 Military Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiki","family":"Puplampu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward O.","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37 Military Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bel\u2010Nono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37 Military Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica L.","family":"Dueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control &amp; Prevention Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Influenza.2014. 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