{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:39:45Z","timestamp":1783388385256,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]],"date-time":"2017-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504310400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]],"date-time":"2017-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010AC05\u201006OR23100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010AC05\u201006OR23100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>In the fall of 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 was introduced into North America by migrating waterfowl from Asia where, through reassortment, novel HPAI H5N2 and H5N1 viruses emerged.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>Assess the susceptibility of pigs to HPAI H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 clade 2.3.3.3 from North America.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Pigs and trachea explants were inoculated with a representative panel of H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses from North America. Nasal swabs, BALF, and sera were collected to assess replication and transmission in challenged and direct contact pigs by RRT\u2010PCR, virus isolation, hemagglutination inhibition, and ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Limited virus replication was restricted to the lower respiratory tract of challenged pigs, though absent in the nasal passages and trachea cultures, as determined by RRT\u2010PCR in all samples. Seroconversion of inoculated pigs was detected by NP ELISA but was not reliably detected by antigen\u2010specific hemagglutination inhibition. Boost with adjuvanted virus was required for the production of neutralizing antibodies to assess cross\u2010reactivity between wild\u2010type avian strains. All RRT\u2010PCR and serology tests were negative for contact animals indicating a failure of transmission from primary inoculated pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 strains can replicate in the lower respiratory tract of swine upon high titer inoculation, though appear to be incapable of replication in swine nasal epithelium in vivo or ex vivo in trachea explants in culture. Infected pigs did not produce high levels of serum antibodies following infection. Collectively, our data show HPAI H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 viruses to be poorly adapted for replication and transmission in swine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,8]],"date-time":"2017-07-08T15:02:42Z","timestamp":1499526162000},"page":"464-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Absence of clinical disease and contact transmission of HPAI H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 from North America in experimentally infected pigs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan S.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia K.","family":"Torchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service National Veterinary Services Laboratory Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center Ames IA 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