{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:31:16Z","timestamp":1785828676125,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program","award":["Grant NO. G20150111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant NO. G20150111"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program","award":["Grant NO. G2014070303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant NO. G2014070303"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Development Plan of Shanghai Municipal Agricultural System, China","award":["Grant NO. 20150203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant NO. 20150203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Avian influenza viruses represent a growing threat of an influenza pandemic. The co\u2010circulation of multiple H9N2 genotypes over the past decade has been replaced by one predominant genotype\u2014G57 genotype, which displays a changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. Effective H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus vaccines for poultry are urgently needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we constructed H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus\u2010like particle (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>) and evaluated its protective efficacy in specific pathogen\u2010free (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>) chickens to lay the foundation for developing an effective vaccine against influenza viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of influenza proteins in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>s was confirmed by Western blot, hemagglutination inhibition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>), and neuraminidase inhibition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NI<\/jats:styled-content>). The morphology was observed by electron microscopy. A group of 15 three\u2010week\u2010old <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> chickens was divided into three subgroups of five chickens immunized with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>, commercial vaccine, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content>. Challenge study was performed to evaluate efficacy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content> vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>) and neuraminidase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>) proteins were co\u2010expressed in the infected cells, self\u2010assembled, and were released into the culture medium in the form of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>s of diameter ~80\u00a0nm. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>s exhibited some functional characteristics of a full influenza virus, including hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> chickens, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content>s elicited serum antibodies specific for H9N2 and induced a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content> titer (as detected by a homologous antigen) than did a commercial H9N2 vaccine (A\/chicken\/Shanghai\/F\/1998). Viral shedding from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VLP<\/jats:styled-content> vaccine subgroup was reduced compared with commercial vaccine subgroup and control subgroup.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T08:37:55Z","timestamp":1501231075000},"page":"518-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Influenza virus\u2010like particles harboring H9N2 <scp>HA<\/scp> and <scp>NA<\/scp> proteins induce a protective immune response in chicken"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houbin","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dequan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianchao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Yangzhou University  Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary disease diagnostic center Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9363"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.6988-6994.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02316-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5760-5767.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160270697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0799"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.6154-6165.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422456112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2767-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"World\u2010Organization\u2010for\u2010Animal\u2010Health OIE Terrestrial Manual CHAPTER 2.3.4 AVIAN INFLUENZA.http:\/\/www.oie.int\/international-standard-setting\/terrestrial-manual\/access-online\/. 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