{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:59:07Z","timestamp":1789343947306,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["084633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["077092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["077092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["087547\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087547\/Z\/08\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000308","name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B 8606.R02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 8606.R02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["54100029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["54100029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57220758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57220758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza\u2010associated respiratory illness was substantial during the emergence of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Estimates of influenza burden in the post\u2010pandemic period are unavailable to guide Kenyan vaccine policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To update estimates of hospitalized and non\u2010hospitalized influenza\u2010associated severe acute respiratory illness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>) during a post\u2010pandemic period (2012\u20102014) and describe the incidence of disease by narrow age categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from Siaya County Referral Hospital to estimate age\u2010specific base rates of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>. We extrapolated these base rates to other regions within the country by adjusting for regional risk factors for acute respiratory illness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARI<\/jats:styled-content>), regional healthcare utilization for acute respiratory illness, and the proportion of influenza\u2010positive<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>cases in each region, so as to obtain region\u2010specific rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean annual rate of hospitalized influenza\u2010associated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>among all ages was 21 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>19\u201023) per 100\u00a0000 persons. Rates of non\u2010hospitalized influenza\u2010associated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>were approximately 4 times higher at 82 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>74\u201090) per 100\u00a0000 persons. Mean annual rates of influenza\u2010associated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>were highest in children &lt;2\u00a0years of age with annual hospitalization rates of 147 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>of 134\u2010160) per 100\u00a0000 persons and non\u2010hospitalization rates of 469 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>426\u2010517) per 100\u00a0000 persons. For the period 2012\u20102014, there were between 8153 and 9751 cases of hospitalized influenza\u2010associated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>and 31\u00a0785\u201038\u00a0546 cases of non\u2010hospitalized influenza\u2010associated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SARI<\/jats:styled-content>per year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highest burden of disease was observed among children &lt;2\u00a0years of age. This highlights the need for strategies to prevent influenza infections in this age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T10:45:52Z","timestamp":1513421152000},"page":"30-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["National burden of hospitalized and non\u2010hospitalized influenza\u2010associated severe acute respiratory illness in Kenya, 2012\u20102014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette A.","family":"Dawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences Kenya AIDS Vaccine Institute (KAVI) \u2010 Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Nyawanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry N.","family":"Njuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Makokha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omu","family":"Anzala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences Kenya AIDS Vaccine Institute (KAVI) \u2010 Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc\u2010Alain","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon O.","family":"Emukule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0827-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31826fd39b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.091413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0903906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"461","article-title":"Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper \u2013 November 2012","volume":"47","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Recc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012","author":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Health Kenya National AIDS Control Council Kenya Medical Research Institute National Council for Population and Development International TDPI. 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