{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:33:15Z","timestamp":1782145995115,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008309","name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>The timing of host cytokine responses to influenza vaccination is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>We examined serum cytokine kinetics following inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV<\/jats:styled-content>) to better understand potential relationships between markers of inflammation and TIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related side effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Patients\/Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty healthy adult subjects received TIV<\/jats:styled-content>. Cytokines\/chemokines were assessed in intervals from 3\u00a0hours to 14\u00a0days. Antibody titers were measured at baseline and Day 14.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Serum cytokine responses to TIV<\/jats:styled-content> were evident as early as 3\u00a0hours post\u2010immunization. Compared to baseline, IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and IP<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 were significantly elevated 7\u00a0hours after TIV<\/jats:styled-content> administration. Both remained elevated and peaked between 16 and 24\u00a0hours before returning to baseline by 44\u00a0hours post\u2010vaccination. Although IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 levels were variable between subjects during the first 24\u00a0hours after TIV<\/jats:styled-content>, by 44\u00a0hours, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 was significantly lower compared to baseline. Interestingly, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 levels remained significantly lower for up to 2\u00a0weeks after receiving TIV<\/jats:styled-content>. Fifteen of 20 subjects reported mild adverse events. The one subject who reported moderate myalgias and injection site pain after vaccination displayed a distinctive, early cytokine response profile which included IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, IP<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, TARC<\/jats:styled-content>, and MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Serum cytokines changed rapidly following TIV<\/jats:styled-content> and generally peaked at 24\u00a0hours. Trivalent influenza vaccine\u2010induced reductions in IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 occurred later (44\u00a0hours) and were sustained for 2\u00a0weeks. An outlier response coincided with the only moderate side effects to the vaccine. These data suggest that early cytokine\/chemokine responses may provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of adverse events and immune reactivity to vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T15:38:48Z","timestamp":1507563528000},"page":"202-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kawsar R.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunization Research (CIR) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Safety Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal A.","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Safety Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber B.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunization Research (CIR) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian L.","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program Uniformed Services University of the Health Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna P.","family":"Durbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunization Research (CIR) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amritha","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Bream","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The role of cytokine responses during influenza virus pathogenesis and potential therapeutic options","volume":"386","author":"Teijaro JR","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol 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