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Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza B viruses (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content>s) have never been isolated from natural\u2010infected pigs in clinical cases, although the susceptibility of domestic pigs to experimental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content> infections had been confirmed as well as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific antibodies were detected from pigs under natural and experimental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to assess and investigate the activities for infection and circulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content>s in pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual active surveys for influenza have been implemented on swine populations in Taiwan since July 1998. Nasal swabs, trachea, lungs, and blood from pigs were tested using virological and serological assays for influenza. Gene sequences of influenza viral isolates were determined and characterized. Preliminary sero\u2010epidemiological data for influenza virus were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three strains of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content> were isolated and identified from natural\u2010infected pigs in 2014. Genetic characterization revealed the highest identities (&gt;99%) of molecular sequence with the contemporary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content>s belonged to the B\/Brisbane\/60\/2008 genetic clade of Victoria lineage in the phylogenetic trees for all 8 genes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific antibodies were detected in 31 (0.2%; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.1%\u20100.2%) of 15\u00a0983 swine serum samples from 29 (2.8%; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.9%\u20103.9%) of 1039 farm visits under annual active surveys from 2007 through 2017. Seropositive cases have been found sparsely in 1\u20105 of test prefectures every year except 2015 and 2017 as well as scattered loosely over 26 townships\/districts of 11 prefectures in Taiwan cumulatively in 11\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza B viruse infections from humans to pigs remained sporadic and accidental currently in Taiwan but might have paved potential avenues for newly emerging zoonotic influenza in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T18:45:03Z","timestamp":1531334703000},"page":"91-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influenza B viruses in pigs, Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching\u2010Ping","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Resources Animal Technology Laboratories Agricultural Technology Research Institute  Hsinchu City Taiwan"},{"name":"Zoonosis Research Center School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang\u2010Jung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Research Center School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.54.3.373"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-64-1-177","article-title":"Isolation of influenza C virus from pigs and experimental infection of pigs with influenza C virus","volume":"64","author":"Guo YJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.92.2392.405"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.6.2860-2865.1990","article-title":"Evolutionary pattern of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza B viruses isolated in Japan: cocirculating lineages in the same epidemic season","volume":"64","author":"Kanegae Y","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90186-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114437"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Susceptibility of birds to type\u2010B influenza virus","volume":"27","author":"Romvary J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Distribution of antibodies in animals against influenza B and C viruses","volume":"26","author":"Kawano J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Jpn J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Influenza virus isolations from dogs during a human epidemic in Taiwan","volume":"3","author":"Chang CP","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Zoonoses"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/222184a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00059-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance.2002;1\u2010105.http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/68026. 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