{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:27:00Z","timestamp":1778887620782,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]],"date-time":"2018-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six amino acid positions (145, 155, 156, 158, 159, and 189, referred to as the antigenic motif; H3 numbering) in the globular head region of hemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>1 domain) play an important role in defining the antigenic phenotype of swine Clade <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> (C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>) H3N2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IAV<\/jats:styled-content>, containing an H3 from a late 1990s human\u2010to\u2010swine introduction. We hypothesized that antigenicity of a swine C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> H3 virus could be inferred based upon the antigenic motif if it matched a previously characterized antigen with the same motif. An increasing number of C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> H3 genes encoding antigenic motifs that had not been previously characterized were observed in the U.S. pig population between 2012 and 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A broad panel of contemporary H3 viruses with uncharacterized antigenic motifs was selected across multiple clades within C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> to assess the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>1 genetic diversity on the antigenic phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hemagglutination inhibition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>) assays were performed with isolates selected based on antigenic motif, tested against a panel of swine antisera, and visualized by antigenic cartography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A previously uncharacterized motif with low but sustained circulation in the swine population demonstrated a distinct phenotype from those previously characterized. Antigenic variation increased for viruses with similar antigenic motifs, likely due to amino acid substitutions outside the motif.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although antigenic motifs were largely associated with antigenic distances, substantial diversity among co\u2010circulating viruses poses a significant challenge for effective vaccine development. Continued surveillance and antigenic characterization of circulating strains is critical for improving vaccine efforts to control C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> H3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IAV<\/jats:styled-content> in U.S. swine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]],"date-time":"2018-09-16T08:22:09Z","timestamp":1537086129000},"page":"83-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Antigenic evolution of H3N2 influenza A viruses in swine in the United States from 2012 to 2016"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Bolton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenio J.","family":"Abente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jered A.","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tavis K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola S.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA\u2010ARS  Ames Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Consultations on the composition of influenza virus vaccines."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Zoetis.FluSure XP.https:\/\/www.zoetisus.com\/products\/pork\/flusure-xp\/index.aspx. Accessed June 20 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Center for Veterinary Biologics.Notice N. 17\u201001. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Center for Veterinary Biologics.Notice N. 17\u201009. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3010022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8243-8251.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8851-8856.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01675-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03805-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01002-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw857"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.051839-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02458-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.28.2.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01457-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6542a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170847"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000885"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Firv.12610","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T21:19:49Z","timestamp":1694812789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12610","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}