{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:14:25Z","timestamp":1790662465764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000103","name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HG22928315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HG22928315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Russian influenza, which began in late 1889, has long been recognized as a major global epidemic yet available statistical evidence for morbidity and mortality has not been fully examined using historical and epidemiological tools. This study of cases and deaths in Indiana during the extended time period associated with the Russian influenza is the first scholarly effort to determine the number of victims from this influenza outbreak across a broad regional case study in the US.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sources for this study include historical records from the US Census, Annual Reports from the Indiana State Board of Health, and death notices published in newspapers. The available evidence is analyzed using historical and epidemiological methods to determine the consistency of reporting categories, the accuracy of death records, and the applicability of contemporary categories for measuring mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the 3\u00a0years during and following the outbreak of \u201cRussian influenza\u201d in January 1890 in the state of Indiana, approximately 3200 died specifically of this disease while a total of 11\u00a0700 died of influenza and other respiratory diseases. These results confirm that extremely widespread influenza contributed to higher than normal death rates by causing additional deaths in related categories, especially pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>More reliable and thorough analysis of morbidity and mortality during the Russian influenza based on systematic and critical review of local, regional, and national statistics can inform contemporary understanding of the long\u2010term history of influenza epidemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T06:39:11Z","timestamp":1550039951000},"page":"279-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["La Grippe or Russian influenza: Mortality statistics during the 1890 Epidemic in Indiana"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Thomas","family":"Ewing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Journal. January 26 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Journal. January 3 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","unstructured":"Second Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1883. Indianapolis: State Printing 1884."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","unstructured":"Third Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1884. Indianapolis: State Printing 1885."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","unstructured":"Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1885. Indianapolis: State Printing 1886."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","unstructured":"Fifth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1886. Indianapolis: State Printing 1887."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","unstructured":"Sixth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1887. Indianapolis: State Printing 1888."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","unstructured":"Seventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending October 31 1888. Indianapolis: State Printing 1889."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","unstructured":"Eighth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending October 31 1889. Indianapolis: State Printing 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","unstructured":"Ninth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1890. Indianapolis: State Printing 1891."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.1944"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Deaths: leading Causes for 2016","volume":"67","author":"Heron M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70121-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","unstructured":"Overview of Influenza Surveillance in the United States.Center for Disease Control and Prevention. October 11 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","unstructured":"Estimating Seasonal Influenza\u2010Associated Deaths in the United States. January 28 2018.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/disease\/us_flu-related_deaths.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HonigsbaumM.A History of the Great Influenza Pandemics. Death Panic and Hysteria 1830\u20101920. London: IB Tauris 2014.","DOI":"10.5040\/9780755618613"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2015.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","article-title":"The two diseases are so utterly dissimilar: using digital humanities tools to advance scholarship in the global history of medicine","volume":"1","author":"Ewing ET","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Res Digit Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2017.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000886107"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt6wrdfm"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_1","volume-title":"Pale Rider. The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World","author":"Spinney L","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_1","volume-title":"Pandemic Influenza 1700\u20131900. A Study in Historical Epidemiology","author":"Patterson KH","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_1","volume-title":"American Pandemic. The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic","author":"Bristow NK","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Indiana. Influenza Encyclopedia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine accessed 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_1","first-page":"1920","volume-title":"Nineteenth Annual Report","author":"Mortality Statistics","year":"1918"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_1","first-page":"1921","volume-title":"Twentieth Annual Report","author":"Mortality Statistics","year":"1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_1","unstructured":"1895 Government Printing Office Washington DC"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_1","volume-title":"Report of the Vital and Social Statistics of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890. Part III","year":"1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_1","unstructured":"Tenth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1891. Indianapolis: State Printing 1892."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Journal. February 3 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. February 15 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. January 25 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. January 24 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. January 23 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. January 22 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_41_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis News. January 14 1890"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_42_1","unstructured":"Eleventh Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30 1892. Indianapolis: State Printing 1893."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_43_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Journal. December 1 December 8 December 15 December 22 December 29 1889; January 5 January 12 January 26 February 2 February 9 February 16 February 23 March 2 March 9 March 16 March 23 March 30 April 6 April 13 April 20 April 27 1890."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_44_1","unstructured":"Indianapolis Journal. March 16 1890."}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Firv.12632","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12632","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.12632","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T15:06:30Z","timestamp":1694358390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12632","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}