{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:36:20Z","timestamp":1761824180001,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reliable exposure information is crucial for assessing health outcomes of influenza infection and vaccination. Current serological methods are unable to distinguish between anti\u2010hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies induced by infection or vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to explore an alternative method for differentiating influenza infection and vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera from animals inoculated with influenza viruses or purified H1N1pdm09 HA were obtained. Human samples were selected from a pregnancy cohort established during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Unvaccinated, laboratory\u2010confirmed cases (N = 18), vaccinated cases without influenza\u2010like\u2010illness (N = 18) and uninfected, unvaccinated controls (N = 18) were identified based on exposure data from questionnaires, national registries and maternal hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres at delivery. Animal and human samples were tested for antibodies against the non\u2010structural protein 1 (NS1) and HA from H1N1pdm09, using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010NS1 H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detected in sera from experimentally infected, but not from vaccinated, animals. Anti\u2010HA H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detectable after either of these exposures. In human samples, 28% of individuals with laboratory\u2010confirmed influenza were seropositive for H1N1pdm09 NS1, whereas vaccinated cases and controls were seronegative. There was a trend for H1N1pdm09 NS1 seropositive cases reporting more severe and longer duration of symptomatic illness than seronegative cases. Anti\u2010HA H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detected in all cases and in 61% of controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The LIPS method could differentiate between sera from experimentally infected and vaccinated animals. However, in human samples obtained more than 6 months after the pandemic, LIPS was specific, but not sufficiently sensitive for ascertaining cases by exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T14:39:54Z","timestamp":1579444794000},"page":"294-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection of anti\u2010NS1 antibodies after pandemic influenza exposure: Evaluation of a serological method for distinguishing H1N1pdm09 infected from vaccinated cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Hayman","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milada","family":"Mahic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miloje","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gro","family":"Tunheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"KG Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Hungnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"WHO National Influenza Centre Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lill","family":"Trogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter Ian","family":"Lipkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Mjaaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"KG Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30129-0"},{"volume-title":"Background paper on influenza vaccines and immunization. SAGE meeting of April 2012","year":"2012","author":"SAGE Working Group on influenza vaccines and immunization","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903810"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.053"},{"issue":"31","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19633","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.31.19633-en","article-title":"High prevalence of antibodies to the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus in the Norwegian population following a major epidemic and a large vaccination campaign in autumn 2009","volume":"15","author":"Waalen K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"CDC.Information on rapid molecular assays RT\u2010PCR and other molecular assays for diagnosis of influenza virus infection.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/professionals\/diagnosis\/molecular-assays.htm. Accessed March 11 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/004606-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.11.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"The 2014\u20132015 WHO influenza reagent kit for identification of influenza isolates.https:\/\/www.internationalreagentresource.org\/Portals\/6\/WHOinsert%2014-15%20080414%20(2).pdf. Accessed March 11 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12623"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20147","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.16.20147-en","article-title":"The Norwegian immunisation register\u2013SYSVAK","volume":"17","author":"Trogstad L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-5-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3435-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8644-020409-Reg.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7556-033106R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00366-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.131393"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"e00159\u201017","article-title":"Epidemiological and serological investigation into the role of gestational maternal influenza virus infection and autism","volume":"2","author":"Mahic M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spectrum Disorders. mSphere"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12712","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.12712","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1694063700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12712","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1750-2640"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1750-2659"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}