{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:20:46Z","timestamp":1777087246029,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM110748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM110748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS\u20102027369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS\u20102027369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New York City (NYC) has been one of the hotspots of the COVID\u201019 pandemic in the United States. By the end of April 2020, close to 165\u00a0000 cases and 13\u00a0000 deaths were reported in the city with considerable variability across the city's ZIP codes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we examine: (a) the extent to which the variability in ZIP code\u2010level case positivity can be explained by aggregate markers of socioeconomic status (SES) and daily change in mobility; and (b) the extent to which daily change in mobility independently predicts case positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 case positivity by ZIP code was modeled using multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations to account for within\u2010ZIP clustering. Daily case positivity was obtained from NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and measures of SES were based on data from the American Community Survey. Changes in human mobility were estimated using anonymized aggregated mobile phone location systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis indicates that the socioeconomic markers considered together explained 56% of the variability in case positivity through April 1 and their explanatory power decreased to 18% by April 30. Changes in mobility during this time period are not likely to be acting as a mediator of the relationship between ZIP\u2010level SES and case positivity. During the middle of April, increases in mobility were independently associated with decreased case positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings present evidence that heterogeneity in COVID\u201019 case positivity during NYC\u2019s spring outbreak was largely driven by residents\u2019 SES.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T08:10:50Z","timestamp":1602663050000},"page":"209-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Differential COVID\u201019 case positivity in New York City neighborhoods: Socioeconomic factors and mobility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"ICAP Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasikiran","family":"Kandula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7216-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Shaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.COVID\u201019 Data archive;2020.https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/doh\/covid\/covid\u201019\u2010data\u2010archive.page. Accessed May 6 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID\u201019) Dashboard;2020.https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/. Accessed May 10 2020.","DOI":"10.46945\/bpj.10.1.03.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"New York City Department of Mental health and Hygiene.COVID\u201019 Tests by ZIP code;2020.https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/imm\/covid\u201019\u2010cases\u2010by\u2010zip\u201004162020\u20101.pdf. Accessed May 10 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.QuickFacts.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/newyorkcountymanhattanboroughnewyork %20bronxcountybronxboroughnewyork %20queenscountyqueensboroughnewyork %20kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork %20richmondcountystatenislandboroughnewyork\/HSG010218. 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Accessed May 10 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control.COVID Data Tracker: Community Impact Mobility.https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid\u2010data\u2010tracker\/#mobility. Accessed May 7 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2014.884706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"New York Times.The Richest Neighborhoods Emptied Out Most as Coronavirus Hit New York City.https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/05\/15\/upshot\/who\u2010left\u2010new\u2010york\u2010coronavirus.html. Accessed May 15 2020."}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12816","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.12816","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12816","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12816","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T19:15:55Z","timestamp":1693682155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12816","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.12816\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.12816\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.12816\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.01.20144188","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}