{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:41:17Z","timestamp":1790095277199,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease\u20102019 (COVID\u201019). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non\u2010COVID\u201019 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre\u2010COVID (January\u2013December 2019) to post\u2010COVID period (January\u2013May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non\u2010enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre\u2010 and post\u2010COVID periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 9693 patients underwent 12\u00a0127 multiplex RT\u2010PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID\u201019 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non\u2010enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus\/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non\u2010enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus\/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non\u2010enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride\u2010based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non\u2010enveloped respiratory viruses in the post\u2010COVID\u201019 era.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T04:59:05Z","timestamp":1617771545000},"page":"478-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Differentiating impacts of non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions on non\u2010coronavirus disease\u20102019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital\u2010based retrospective observational study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-6701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Po\u2010Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Yen\u2010Hao","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society Faculty of Public Health and Policy School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Lin","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin\u2010Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Microbiology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao\u2010Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Microbiology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Jiun","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division Microbiology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin\u2010Pai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.13.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"CDC yellow book 2018: health information for international travel","author":"Brunette GW","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(11)60057-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System.Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. 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