{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:46:58Z","timestamp":1772160418697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Possibility of reinfection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 changes our view on herd immunity and vaccination and can impact worldwide quarantine policies. We performed real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) follow\u2010up studies on recovered patients to assess possible development of reinfections and re\u2010positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a 6\u2010month period, 202 PCR\u2010confirmed recovering COVID\u201019 patients entered this study. Follow\u2010up RT\u2010PCR tests and symptom assessment were performed 1 month after the initial positive results. Patients who tested negative were tested again 1 and 3 months later. The serum IgG and IgM levels were measured in the last follow\u2010up session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the first two follow\u2010up sessions, 82 patients continued their participation, of which four patients tested positive. In the second follow\u2010up 44 patients participated, three of whom tested positive. None of the patients who tested positive in the first and second follow\u2010up session were symptomatic. In the last session, 32 patients were tested and four patients were positive, three of them were mildly symptomatic and all of them were positive for IgG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A positive RT\u2010PCR in a recovering patient may represent reinfection. While we did not have the resources to prove reinfection by genetic sequencing of the infective viruses, we believe presence of mild symptoms in the three patients who tested positive over 100\u2009days after becoming asymptomatic, can be diagnosed as reinfection. The immune response developed during the first episode of infection (e.g., IgG or T\u2010cell mediated responses that were not measured in our study) may have abated the symptoms of the reinfection, without providing complete protection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T05:24:00Z","timestamp":1627017840000},"page":"742-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing repeated polymerase chain reaction positivity from re\u2010infections in COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5069-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sadr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melika Arab","family":"Bafrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students<sup>'<\/sup> Scientific Research Center (SSRC), School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ahmad","family":"SeyedAlinaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mohammadnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Education, Department of Medical\u2010Surgical Nursing and Basic Science, School of Nursing and Midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roghieh","family":"Hossienzade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"ShahmariGolestan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ahmadinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamadreza","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Javaherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Liver Transplantation Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elahe","family":"Kimyaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Ghiasvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID\u201019) dashboard.2021February 4th 2021; Available from:https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0170-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Ayotte K. 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